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Anatomy 0503 > Lecture 11: Thorax I - Wall > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Thorax I - Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Define thoracic wall. What is it composed of?
Soft tissues?
Organs?

A

the muscles, cartilage, bone, and soft tissues (skin, fascia, nerves, and vessels) that surround the thoracic cavity

Surrounds organs located therein (heart, lungs, thymus, trachea, and esophagus)

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2
Q

What are the lateral boundries of the thoracic cavity?

A
  • LATERAL: ribs and contents of
    intercostal spaces
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3
Q

Anterior boundry of thoracic wall?

A
  • ANTERIOR: sternum
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4
Q

Posterior boundry of thoracic cavity?

A
  • POSTERIOR: thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs
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5
Q

Superior and inferior boundries of Thoracic Wall?

A
  • SUPERIOR: superior thoracic aperture
  • INFERIOR: inferior thoracic
    aperture
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6
Q

What forms the superior thoracic aperture?

What does it transmit?

A
  • Formed by the T1 vertebra, first ribs, and sternum
  • Transmits major vessels (and other soft tissues) between the thoracic cavity, neck, and upper limbs
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7
Q

What forms the inferior thoracic aperature? What attaches to the bottom?

A
  • Formed by the T12 vertebra, ribs 11-12 (and cartilages), costal margin, and the sternum
  • The thoraco-abdominal diaphragm attaches along the inferior border of the inferior thoracic aperture
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8
Q

What is anatomical term for this area?

A

Intercostal Space

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9
Q

Define intercostal space, and where do they extend from and connect to?(origin / insertion)

A

Intercostal spaces: the spaces between adjacent ribs and costal cartilages

  • Extend from the vertebral column (posteriorly) to the sternum (anteriorly)
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10
Q

What does each intercostal space contain?

A
  • Each intercostal space contains: intercostal muscles (three layers), intercostal vessels, and intercostal nerves
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11
Q

Identify these features

A
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12
Q

What are the 4 major functions of the Thoracic Wall, and some feature of each.

A
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13
Q

How does thoracic wall contribute to inspiration and expiration?

A
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14
Q

What produces the changes in thoracic wall dimensions for respiration?

A

*Changes in thoracic wall dimensions are produced by
coordinated movements of the:

▪ Thoraco-abdominal diaphragm
▪ Ribs and sternum

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15
Q

What does thoraco-abdominal diaphragm contribute to respiration?

A
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16
Q

What is the bucket handle movement of the ribs and sternum, and how does it contribute to respiration?

A
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17
Q

What is the pump handle movement of the ribs and sternum? How does it contribute to respiration?

A
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18
Q

Which muscles contribute to quiet and active inspiration and exhalation?

A
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19
Q

What types of bones and cartilage is the thoracic wall composed of?

A
  • RIBS & COSTAL CARTILAGE
  • THORACIC VERTEBRAE
  • STERNUM
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20
Q

How many ribs are there, and what common features do ribs 2-9 contain?

A

RIBS & COSTAL CARTILAGES
* There are 12 pairs (left/right) of ribs numbered from superior to inferior

  • Typical ribs (ribs 2-9) have a head, neck, tubercle, body, and angle
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21
Q

Identify the marked features of the rib.
(posterior view)

A
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22
Q

Identify marked feature of rib.
(Superior View)

A
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23
Q

Define the following functions of the rib:
Head, Neck, Angle,Tubercle and Body

A
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24
Q

Where are the costal cartilages (extend from where to where)? What feature of the thoracic wall do they contribute to?

A
  • Costal cartilages extend from anterior ends of ribs and connect to the sternum; contribute to elasticity of thoracic wall
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25
Q

What are the 3 classes of ribs?

A

True Ribs
False Ribs
Floating Ribs

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26
Q

Explain location of the three rib classes and which numbers they are?

A

▪ TRUE RIBS: attach directly to the sternum via their costal cartilages

▪ FALSE RIBS: attach to the sternum via the costal cartilage of the next superior rib

▪ FLOATING RIBS: short ribs with rudimentary cartilages with no attachment to sternum

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27
Q

What is the sternum?

28
Q

What are the 3 parts to the sternum?

29
Q

Identify the marked features of the sternum.

30
Q

Identify marked features of thorax.

31
Q

Describe location of breast

A
  • The breast is located on the anterior thoracic wall on either side lateral to the sternum
32
Q

Describe location of the transverse extent and vertical extent of the breast.

What is the Axillary process?

A

▪ TRANSVERSE EXTENT: from the lateral of the sternum to the anterior border of the axilla

▪ VERTICAL EXTENT: from rib 2 to rib 6

  • Axillary process (tail): extension of breast that continues superiorly and laterally
33
Q

Define nipple.

34
Q

Define areola.

35
Q

Define mammary gland: Type of gland / what happens during pregnancy?

A
  • Mammary gland: modified sweat gland that produces milk; consists of glandular tissue surrounded by adipose
  • Typically, well-developed in females only; enlarge during
    pregnancy (new glandular tissue forms)
36
Q

What are mammory gland lobules, and how many does each breast contain?

A
  • Each breast contains 15-20 mammary gland lobules, which comprise the functional part of the mammary gland
37
Q

What are the mammary gland lobules supported by?

A
  • Mammary gland lobules are supported by suspensory
    ligaments which anchor mammary glands to skin
38
Q

What is each lobule drained by, and where do they lead?

A

Each lobule is drained by a lactiferous duct, which opens independently onto the nipple

39
Q

What is the lactiferous sinus?

A
  • Each lactiferous duct has a lactiferous sinus—i.e., a dilated portion just deep to the nipple
40
Q

Identify indicated structures of the breast. (unable to include lactiferous sinus and nipple so dont forget them)

41
Q

What are the 2 costovertebral joints, and their functions?

42
Q

Identify the joint

44
Q

What is the location of the sternocostal joints, costochondral joints and interchondral joints?

Is there movement / what do they increase?

45
Q

Identify the indicated joints

46
Q

What are the intercostal muscles, and where do they attach?

What is their overall function?

A

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: three layers of muscles spanning the intercostal spaces; attached to superior and inferior borders of consecutive ribs

FUNCTION: elevate/depress ribs during respiration

47
Q

Describe external intercostal muscles: layer / fiber orientation / prevalence

A
  • External intercostal muscles: most superficial; fibers oriented inferiorly and anteriorly; most prevalent posteriorly
48
Q

Describe internal intercostal muscles: layer / fiber orientation / prevalence

A
  • Internal intercostal muscles: intermediate depth; fibers oriented inferiorly and posteriorly; most prevalent anteriorly
49
Q

Describe innermost intercostal muscles: layer / fiber orientation / prevalence

A
  • Innermost intercostal muscles: deepest; fibers oriented inferiorly and posteriorly; only present laterally
50
Q

Identify the indicated muscles and structures

51
Q

Name 2 additional muscles of the thoracic wall, and their overall function.

A

Transversus Thoracis

Subcostal

these muscles also primarily function in moving the ribs during respiration

52
Q

Anatomical position of transversus thoracis muscle?

which ribs does it attach to?

A

Transversus thoracis muscle:
attached to the posterior surface of the sternum and the costal
ribs 2-6

53
Q

Anatomical location of subcostal muscle

Which ribs?

A

Subcostal muscle: attached superiorly to the angles of the inferior most ribs and inferiorly to the superior surfaces of ribs 2-3. Located posteriorly on ribcage

54
Q

What is the Thoraco-Abdominal Diaphragm?

A

Thin skeletal muscle forming the partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

55
Q

Describe the shape of the Thoraco-Abdominal Diaphragm from the anterior and lateral views.

A

Anterior view: dome-shaped from R to L (R side higher due to liver)

Lateral View: dome-shaped from anterior to posterior

56
Q

What is the central tendon?

A

Aponeurosis that serves as a point of attachment for diaphragm.

57
Q

Where does the diaphragm originate from? Name the 3 different origins?

A

Originates from boundries of inferior thoracic aperture.

Sternal Origin
Costal Origin
Vertebral Origin

58
Q

What is the sternal origin of the diaphragm?

A
  • STERNAL ORIGIN: from xiphoid process
59
Q

Costal origin of diaphragm

Which costal cartilages and ribs?

A
  • COSTAL ORIGIN: from lower six costal cartilages and lower two
    ribs
60
Q

Left Crus and Right Crus of vertebral origin of diaphragm

which vertebrae / which is larger / smaller

A
  • VERTEBRAL ORIGIN:

Right crus: arises from the vertebral bodies and discs of L1-L3; usually larger

Left crus: arises from vertebral bodies and discs of L1-L2; usually smaller

61
Q

What causes inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration: Contraction of the diaphragm

Expiration: Relaxation of the diaphragm

62
Q

How does the contraction of the diaphragm affect the following features of the thoracic cavity:
* Vertical dimensions
* Volume
* Lung Pressure

63
Q

How does the relaxation of the diaphragm affect the following features of the thoracic cavity:
* Vertical dimensions
* Volume
* Lung Pressure

64
Q

Describe shape of diaphragm during inspiration and expiration

65
Q

What 3 structure pass through the diaphragm, and where?

66
Q

Identify the indicated structures

Anatomy 0503 (9 decks)

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