Lecture 11 - Sexual conflict Flashcards
Discuss sexual misperception
Percieved sexual interest + sexual interest = true postitive. Perceived sexual interest + not sexuall interested = false positive. No percieved sexual interest + sexual interest = false negative. No perceived sexual interested+ not sexually interest = true negative.
FALSE NEGATIVE are more costly for men.
Both sexes misperceived sexual intesrest, men over perceiveand think women are interested (especially attractive ones) and females under perceive.
Discuss sexual harassment
Victims are typically women. They are more likely to be young women (72% are aged 20-35, compared to 5% that are over 45).
Women feel more insulted than men when reacting to a sexual proposition, compared to men who feel flattered.
Stalking is a type of sexual harassment.
Discuss stalking behaviours
Low-level stalking is equal across sexes. Risky and illegal stalking is much more common in men.
There is a negative correlation between relationship alternatives and stalking behaviours, about 20% of stalking was motivated by desire to initiate a relationship. - More often with males who are less likely to have mates.
Mate guarding is a stype of stalking. This is preventing sexual access to the female (magpies hang around after copulation). Jealousy at motive in about 20% of stalking. Women about 2.5 times more likely to be stalking than men.
60% of stalking involves on ex (Hall, 1997). And it is a risk factor of raoe.
Discuss violence against wives
Once a partner hasbeen obtained adpative problems are not over! Men need to invest in resources, have paternity uncertainty, and sometimes have EPC. Women need to invest in resources, someitmes have EPC and need to avoid stalking.
Wilson & Daly (1996)’s results suggest violence is an extreme form of controlling behaviour, which leaves increases in the chances of being killed as if woman leaves they are killed more.
Higher rates in 15-19 year olds, which are most reproductive, therefore more controlling behaviour is beneficial to males. Also males are more violent when they are younger, and younger women tend to be with the younger men.
Violence against husbands also happens. Gender symmetry, surveys show females are more likely to use violence, but 64% of victims are females - so equal rates! Do males just keep quiet? Male violence leads more to injury and women fear more for their safety (70%) whereas 85% of males didn’t fear.
Discuss what nuptial gifts are
Adelie penguins trade rocks for sex.
Stick insect gives ball of sugar and sperm before female decides if there is enough calories in it then with mate and fetilise eggs.
Insects give leaves to potential mates.
Humans often give flowers and chocolates and take partner out on date.
Discuss aggression and mating
Forced copulation has been seen across the animal kingdom! In ducks (who get pinned down), dolphins (surrounded), orangutans (physical) and scorpian flies (males have ntoal organ that latches on and when it is taken off the male can’t mate unless it has a nuptial gift to trade).
Rape is included
Discuss theories and ideas surrounding rape
It is found across cultures and history, and sometimes punished across cultures. Often considered a crime against the husband. Highly traumatic.
Standard social science (feminist) view: it is not a sex crime, but a violence crime. Men regard women as sexual objects, thus predisposing males to rape. Not many instances of female to male rape as female sexual socialisation encourages females to integrate sex, affection and love.
Is human rape an adaptation?
Young women are most likely to be raped.
Rape is a conditional strategy to reproductively excluded men. It is an opportunist strategy. It is a byproduct of male sexuality. It is motivated by threat of sperm competition.
Male depreivation hypothesis suggests divorce is an indicator of serial monogamy which is an indicator of increased variance in male reproductive success which leads to alternative reproductive tactics.
The by-product hypothesis suggests men who use physical or mental violence and abuse to mate also rate themselves as more successful in terms of mating.
Sexual arousal theory suggests men are less aroused by consentual sex, more arousing when forced physically - violence is appealing to rapists.
The opportunistic strategy suggests men rape when costs are low, for example during war - comfort women.
Sperm competition theories suggests sexually coercive behaviours are associated with male suspicions of female infidelity and female self reports of being unfaithful.
Discuss anti-rape adaptations
Married women experience less rape than single women.
Younger women fear rape more than older women.
Going out alone or walking in dimly lit areas are avoided more when fertile.
Trauma of experienced rape is greatest for reproductive age women, and married women and when physical violence was less.
What are the criticisms of studying rape?
Suggesting rape is not about sex but power.
Justifying rape - which it is not doing!
There is inconsistent data.
Many aspects of human sexuality are not adapations.
