Lecture 1 Flashcards
Discuss the affects of the vaginal environment on sperm
Sperm is destroyed by the warmth and acidic environment. Sperm dies in high temperatures; the main reason why testicles hang out of the males body to protect the sperm from the heat of the body.
What effects do androgen’s have on the male body?
Work prenatally to affect brain development. Growth of facial hairs. Deepening of the voice. Broadens shoulders. Male pattern baldness. Thickens skin. Increases metabolic rate. Affects mood; high testosterone = well-being and energy. Spermatogenesis & growth of penis. Increase growth of bone and skeletal muscle.
What are androgens?
Male sex hormones such as testosterone which produces secondary sexual characteristics such as broad shoulders and facial hair. DHT is also an example, and this is responsible for the formation of the penis during embryonic life. Testosterone is converted into DHT which is also thought to be responsible for acne and male pattern baldness
Name 13 parts of the basic male anatomy
Prostate gland.
Epididymis. Testis. Scrotum. Perineum. Urethra. Penis. Ejaculatory duct. Bladder. Urethra. Corona Glans. Meatus Frenum. Seminal vesicle.
How does reversible vasectomy work?
Sperm produced in the testes are transported via a duct called the vas deferens. RISUG, a synthetic polymer, is injected into the vas deferens connected to each testicle. RISUG coats the wall of the vas deferens, so when the sperm come into contact with the polymer they are rendered immobile. REVERSAL = because the vas deferens is not severed like in vasectomies, RISUG can be flushed out by dissolving it with DMSO.
Discuss the relationship between testicles and promiscuity
The smaller the testes, the less promiscuous the animal is. Gorillas have small testicles and have less sperm competition as the female stays with the same male. However, there is a lot of promiscuity in chimpanzees who have larger testicles and more sperm competition.
How does Viagra work
By opening up blood vessels
Discuss why the coronal ridge is beneficial
It can displace up to 80% of semen. Thus with sperm competition, the male needs to ensure their sperm is the only sperm that can fertilise the egg.
Discuss the different parts of the penis
Urethra; used for urination. Corpus spongiosum; tube around the urethra (expandadble). Corpora cavernosa; two erectile tissue tubes that form most of the penis (exapnadble). Glans; the head of the penis. Corona; ridge between head and the shaft. Frenulum; bit of skin attaching the glans to the shaft.
Discuss male circumcision
This is where the foreskin is removed via surgery. It was previously thought to prevent masturbation; but now is associated with more masturbation, but this may be because masturbation is associated with higher education. Foreskin may also help transmit disease, and can reduce smegma therefore diseases and infections
Discuss the effects of testosterone on males and females
Males = spermatogenesis & secondary sexual characteristics. Females = regulation of sexual behaviour & affects the brain and body
Discuss the effects of estrogen on males and females
Males = involved in regulation of sexual behaviour & has effects on the bone and brain. Females = Oogenesis & secondary sexual characteristics & bone and brain effects
Discuss the effects of progesterone on males & females
Males = decrease in testosterone & regulatory effects on the body. Females = maintenance of pregnancy & regulatory effects on the body.
Discuss the effects of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) on males and females
Males = stimulates and supports spermatogenesis. Females = stimulates growth of the egg.
Discuss the effects of Luteinizing hormone (LH) on males & females
Males = Promotes secretion of testosterone. Females = stimulates ovulation
Discuss the effcts of oxytocin on males & females
Males = Stimualtes the contractions of the reproductive tract, aiding in sperm release & involved in social recognition bonding & trust. Females = contraction of the uterus during labour & ejection of milk during lactation & involved in social recognition bonding & trust.
Discuss the effects of prolactin on males and females
Males = related to refractory period in male sexual arousal. Females = production of milk from mammary glands.
Name and discuss parts of the female sexual anatomy
The vulva = external genitalia. Mons pubis = pad of fat that covers, protects and cushions the pubic joint. Clitoral hood = bit of skin covering the clitoris. Clitoris = very sensitive part of erectile tissue. Urethra = urinate from. Labia majora = the outer lips that surround the vagina. Labia minora = the inner hairless lips that surround the vagina. Vagina. Perineum = bit between vagina and anus. Anus. Sebum = waxy secretion that helps protect vulva
Name the parts of the clitoris
Clitoral glans (external part). Corpus cavernosum. Crus of clitoris. Bulb of vestibule.
Name & define the parts of the Uterus
Fallopian tubes = lead from the ovaries to the uterus and carry the egg. Ovary (which isn’t connected to the Fallopian tube, rather the eggs has to jump between the two).Uterus = pear shaped organ in which a fertilised egg is implanted and a fetus develops. Endometrium = inner lining of the uterus. Cervix = lower part of the uterus that leads into the vagina. Os = the opening to the vagina. Myometrium = the thick middle layer of the uterus. Perimetrium = the outermost layer of the uterus. Fimbriae = finger-like projections of the fallopian tube.
Why do we have pubic hair?
It transmits a smell and protects the vulva.
Discuss the Ova
It is a female reproductive cell. They are the largest cells in the female body (about the size of a grain of sand). The female baby is born with all the ova she will ever have (about 200,000 in each ovary). About 400-500 ova mature and are released over a lifetime.
Discuss the effects estrogen has on the female body
Feminizes the brain, increases visual acuity and olfaction, increases the effects of acetylcholine which can improve memory. Stimulates growth and development of breast tissue. Stimualtes development of the fallopian tube and aids in ovum transport. In the uterus, estrogen increases growth of endometrial cells, causes smooth muscle contractions, and promotes cervical secretions. Promotes bone growth at puberty, stops growth at certain point. Softens skin. Lowers total blood cholesterol and strengthens capillary walls. Increases body fat deposition. Increases growth of vaginal epitelium, aids in lubrication and may play a role in physical arousability.
Name & define the parts of the vagina
Vestibule = the cavity between the labia minora that contains the openings of the urethra and vagina. Urethra = Tube that carries urine from the bladder. Hymen = The fold of tissue that may cover the vaginal opening. Greater vestibular glands = glands that secrete mucus during sexual arousal. Lesser vestibular glands = glands may be involved with female ejaculation. Pubococcygeneus = the sling of muscles that form the pelvic floor. Vagina = muscular passage into which that penis is inserted and through which the baby passes during birth.
Name the parts of a breast
Muscle layer. Fat layer. Ribs. Areola. Nipple. Milk duct. Lobule.
What is the Areola?
The coloured area around the nipple.
Discuss what menopause is
It is the cessation of periods, usually occurs between age 45 and 55. Difficult symptoms are unknown among hunter-gatherers and non-industrialised people. Hormone replacement therapy can possibly stop or prolong it.
Discuss the stages of menopause
Both men and women have a decline in their fertility rates, this period is called the climacteric stage. By the time a woman is 40 her ovaries begin to lose their capacity to respond to FSH and LH, thus fewer eggs develop. A woman may then start to experience perimenopause; the onset of menopausal symptoms and menstrual irregularity. This can last for 4 years but it can last from 10 months - 10 years! This transitional process ends with menopause.
