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Muscle & Exercise Physiology > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary functions of the CVS during exercise?

A

Deliver O2 to muscles

Remove CO2 and heat from muscles

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2
Q

Why is there an increase in muscle blood flow during exercise?

A

vasodilator metabolites dilate vessels to the muscle.

muscle pump increases cardiac return and stroke volume.

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3
Q

Why is there an increase in cardiac output during exercise?

A

Increased HR and SV

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4
Q

How is circulation controlled during exercise?

A

Key receptors interact with autonomic nervous system and feedback from contracting muscles takes place.

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5
Q

What are some adaptations of the CVS to exercise?

A

Enhances stroke volume

Promotes skeletal muscle angiogenesis

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6
Q

What is Fick’s equation of oxygen consumption?

A

VO2 = Qx(CaO2-CvO2)

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7
Q

How is Mean Arterial Pressure maintained?

A

Mean Arterial Pressure is maintained during exercise by manipulating the Cardiac output and the TPR.

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8
Q

How is the sudden drop in TPR during exercise counteracted?

A

Decrease in splanchnic and renal blood flow increases TPR.

Increased cardiac output is done via increased Heart Rate.

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9
Q

What happens to coronary blood flow during exercise?

A

Heart increases oxygen extraction

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10
Q

What causes exercise hyperemia?

A

Metabolic vasodilators from contracting skeletal muscle, endothelium, and RBC.

Muscle pump (important in maintaining venous return)

Conducted Vasodilation

Functional sympatholysis

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11
Q

What is exercise hyperaemia?

A

Increase in blood flow during exercise

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12
Q

What is Conducted Vasodilation?

A

The phenomenon where vasodilation action potential is conducted via gap junctions into arterioles which contract and cause vasodilation.

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13
Q

What is functional sympatholysis?

A

The sympathetic nerve activity is blunted by the muscle.

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14
Q

What are the known vasodilator metabolites?

A

K+, H+, adenosine, ATP (seen from RBCs)

ROS

NO, prostacyclin, prostaglandin E2

Endothelial derived hyperpolarising factor

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15
Q

What adaptation do athletes’ hearts have to exercise?

A

Athletes have a higher stroke volume which is a result of lower heart rate during exercise.

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of blood pressure?

A

Diastolic blood pressure is determined by resistance.

Systolic blood pressure increases during exercise

Mean arterial pressure is the weighted average of systolic and diastolic BP. During exercise it increases.

17
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

Baroreceptor reflex modifies heart rate in response to changes in blood pressure. The ‘set point’ which blood pressure stays at is different during exercise.

18
Q

What causes the change in set point during exercise?

A

baroreceptor is reset by central command.

19
Q

How does the cardiac output change over time?

A

Cardiac output doesn’t increase linearly and eventually decreases rate of increase.

20
Q

What is CV drift?

A

CV drift is the increase in HR and drop in SV during prolonged exercise.

21
Q

What are the causes of CV drift?

A

Hyperthermia (SA node depolarizes more rapidly)

Dehydration (decreased blood volume)

Increase in plasma adrenaline

Cardiac output decreases due to loss of blood volume and blood displacement to the skin.

22
Q

What other phenomenon does the CV drift contribute to?

A

The VO2 drift

23
Q

What can a person do to decrease cardiac drift?

A

Increase blood volume by drinking water.

24
Q

What is the function of the peripheral sensors of the exercise response?

A

They send sensory feedback messages to the brain in response to exercise.

25
Q

What are the peripheral receptors?

A

Baroreceptors

Muscle Chemoreceptors

Muscle Mechanoreceptors

26
Q

What are the components of the central motor systems?

A

The motor cortex

Subthalamus

Spinal motor systems.

27
Q

What is the functions of the central motor systems?

A

They are involved in the feedforward response.

They are the responders to the peripheral sensors.

28
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system increase the heart rate?

A

Rising heart rate is initially due to withdrawal of the vagus but then continued by the sympathetic nerve influence.

29
Q

What are the cardiovascular adaptations to exercise?

A

Heart size can be increased from exercise. The capillary density at muscles can be increased as well.

During exercise blood volume increases

Muscle & Exercise Physiology (33 decks)

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