Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio 211 > lecture 11 > Flashcards

lecture 11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what needs to happen for cell division

A

microtubules rearrange, form mitotic spindle machine, evenly split genetic info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

step 1 of cell cycle

A

grows; needs more of everything, including DNA/chromosomes, b/c it’s splitting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

step 2 of cell cycle

A

after growth/synthesis phase, cell undergoes split of chromosomes into daughter cells (chromosome segregation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

step 3 of cell cycle

A

actual cell division; split into 2/cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

S phase

A

synthesis; cells need to grow and duplicate DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

M phase

A

mitosis; split chromosomes evenly among daughter cells, includes cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

interphase

A

cell doesn’t seem to do anything, but it’s actually undergoing S phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

M phase

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

phases in interphase

A

G1, S, G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what controls transitions b/w phases

A

checkpoints; is everything okay? ex. are all chromosomes attached to mitotic spindle (metaphase to anaphase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what controls timing b/w phases of cell cycle

A

these checkpoints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

reg. protein complex that controls when cells go from one phase to another

A

cyclin-dependent kinase complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what specifically controls diff transitions of cell cycle

A

kinase activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens when checkpoints are satisfied

A

signals activate CDK, phosphorylate downstream targets to initiate next phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what needs to be bound to complex for it to be active

A

cyclin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens if no cyclin

A

kinase is inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what controls CDK activity to allow transition from one phase to another

A

expression of cyclin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens as you go thru cell cycle

A

cyclin expression goes up and down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe CDK expression

A

constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when is CDK active

A

when cyclin is bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe CDK thru cell cycle

A

expression doesn’t change, but activity changes based on cyclin [ ]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is cyclin for M-CDK

A

cyclin B or cyclin M

23
Q

what does cyclin B/M do

A

controls M-CDK activity

24
Q

what is checkpoint for metaphase to anaphase pathway

A

are chromosomes successfully attached to mitotic spindle

25
Q

what happens if not attached

A

protein complex inhibited, chromosomes CANNOT segregate

26
Q

what happens if not inhibited

A

M-CDK activity is controlled, cells progress further into cell cycle

27
Q

what needs to happen to cyclin to go from metaphase to anaphase

A

M-cyclin needs to be degraded, turn off M-CDK activity

28
Q

describe mechanism for degradation of M-cyclin

A

chromosomes attached to spindle –> activates cdc20 –> binds to APC –> APC/cdc20 complex –> ubiquitilates M-cyclin and adds polyubiquitin chain, targets it for degradation by proteasome

29
Q

prophase

A

2 centrosomes (have duplicated), DNA condensed into chromosomes, nuclear envelope intact (chromosomes r in it)

30
Q

prometaphase

A

breakdown of nuclear envelope, chromosomes free to swirl around, centrosomes at opposite ends of cells, kinetochore

31
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes attached to mitotic spindle at center

32
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes separating, moved to opposite poles of cell

33
Q

telophase

A

right before cytokinesis; 2 centrioles in opposite poles, 2 nuclear envelopes reform

34
Q

cytokinesis

A

nuclear envelope fully formed, chromosomes decondense, actively being split

35
Q

what happens to trigger anaphase

A

as long as chromosomes attached (even if 3 instead of 2)

36
Q

mitotic spindle

A

built out of microtubules; radiate out of centrosome

37
Q

3 types of MTs

A

kinetochore microtubules, non-kinetochore microtubules, astral microtubules

38
Q

kinetochore microtubules

A

extend toward midpoint of cells (From ends), chromosomes attach here to satifsy metaphase to anaphase checkpoint

39
Q

non-kinetochore

A

extend toward midpoint, but smaller chunks; help position mitotic spindle

40
Q

astral microtubules

A

radiate away from midpoint; other drxn, at ends; help hold mitotic spindle in orientation

41
Q

individual motor proteins

A

kinesins 4&10, kinesin 5, dynein

42
Q

kinesins 4/10

A

walk chromosomes to midpoint, plus ends of kinetochore microtubules (get chromosomes to right spot)

43
Q

kinesin 5

A

4 motor domains, walks along 2 MTs; pushes apart poles by walking to plus ends (both are in opposite drxns)

44
Q

inhibit kinesin 5?

A

poles would come closer together

45
Q

kinesin 14

A

one set of motor domains, other binds to MT and carriers it as cargo; walks to minus end –> pulls poles closer together

46
Q

dynein

A

one part binds plasma membrane, walks toward minus end; pulls centrosome to plasma membrane to keep it anchored (astral MTs)

47
Q

what balances forces

A

dynein, kinesin 5, 14

48
Q

when is the idea of balancing dynamic forces needed

A

metaphase to anaphase transition; not needed after cuz mitotic spindle not needed

49
Q

how are chromosomes attached to kinetochores

A

plus ends bind perpendicular

50
Q

what is only stable kinetochore conformation

A

one side bound to one chromosome, other side bound to other chromosome

51
Q

cdc20 separase pathway

A

apc/cdc20 complex, ubiquitinates securin & destroys it, activates separase( Protease) that targets cohesins, degrades it, separating daughter chromosomes

52
Q

what happens when chromosomes are not attachedq

A

MAD20 is active

53
Q

what does MAD20 do

A

inhibits cdc20

bio 211 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions