Lecture 11-12 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of motor unit

A
  • motor unit = motor neuron + innervated fibers
  • each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron
  • a single motor neuron can innervate many muscle fibers
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2
Q

individual muscle fibers contract in what type of response

A

“all-or-nothing”

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3
Q

describe process of motor unit recruitment

A
  • recruitment: progressive activation of additional motor units to increase contractile strength of muscle
  • under voluntary conditions- not all motor units are activated at one time
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4
Q

isometric contraction

A
  • muscle develops tension but does not shorten
  • NO movement
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5
Q

isotonic contraction

A
  • muscle shortens
  • tension remains constant
  • movement
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6
Q

Passive vs active tension

A
  • Passive tension: due to stretching muscle
  • active tension: force developed due to cross-bridge cycling
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7
Q

role of Fascia

A
  • fibrous connective tissue that binds muscle into a functional unit
  • all connective tissue sheaths are continuous with each other and with tendon
  • force is transfered through these connective tissues to tendon and then bone
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8
Q

What the length-tension relationship?

A
  • tension developed at a particular length is proportional to the number of cross-bridges formed
  • only myosin heads within the zone of overlap can bind to actin
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9
Q

what is the force-velocity relationship of muscle contraction

A
  • force generated by muscle is a function of velocity
  • at slower velocities more cross-bridge binding can occur
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10
Q

muscle twitch

A
  • response to a single threshold stimulus
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11
Q

twitch summation

A
  • increased frequency of stimulation = successive contractions with increasing force: “piggyback”
  • muscle fiber does not have time to fully relax
  • high frequency stimulation keeps cytosolic Ca2+ levels high
  • a fused maximal contraction (tetanus) can occur
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12
Q

when was tissue sampling introduced? When was it re-introduced?

A
  1. 1868
  2. 1962
  3. hollow need inserted into muscle to retrieve a sample
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13
Q

Can the fiber type composition of a muscle be changed?

A
  • yes, fiber type concentration of a muscle can be changed with training, but, to some extent, is limited by genetics
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14
Q

Charactertistics of Type I muscle fiber

A
  • High aerobic (oxidative) capacity: MARATHON RUNNER
  • lots of mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillary system -> endurance
  • slow contractile velocity
  • s_mall diameters than type IIa fibers_
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15
Q

Characteristics of Type II fibers

A
  • high anaerobic (glycolytic) capacity
  • rich in enzymes for anaerobic metabolism, high SR content, high ATPase activity
  • designed for power and speed but fatigue easily
  • fast contractile velocity
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16
Q

List the muscle fiber types in humans

A
  • Type I: slow twitch fiber
  • Type IIa: fast twitch fiber
  • Type IIx: really fast fiber (rare in healthy humans)
  • Hybrid: I/IIa; I/IIa/IIx; IIa/IIx
17
Q

What three characteristics determines muscle fiber types

A
  • Myofibrillar volume sets force generation
  • SR volume sets frequency of operation
  • Mitochondrial volume sets aerobic ATP synthesis rate
18
Q

Name the Neural factors that occur early in training.

A
  • increased motor unit recruitment = increased strength
  • increased motorneuron output = increased rate of torque development
19
Q

When does muscle hypertrophy occur in training

A

later in training

20
Q

If power and contractile velocity increase in type I fibers with training, will these parameters come close to the power of velocity of type II fibers?

21
Q

What happens to Power, contractile velocity, fiber size and % distribution of type I and type IIa fibers after 12 weeks of strength training

A
  • type I: power increases; contractile velocity increases; fiber size increases; % distribution no change
  • type IIa: power increases; contractile velocity increases; fiber size increases; % distribution: increases
22
Q

What happens to Power, contractile velocity, fiber size and % distribution after 16 weeks of trianing for a marathon

A
  • type I: power increases; contractile velocity increases; fiber size decreases; % distribution increases
  • type IIa: power increases; contractile velocity remains same; fiber size decreases; % distribution: no change
23
Q

older individuals, especially women rely more heavily on what type of fibers

A
  • type I
  • muscle plasticity is reduced with aging (80+)
24
Q

function of tendon

A
  • transmission of force from muscle to bone
  • tendon properties influence muscle power output
  • powerful muscles: short, broad tendons
  • muscle for fine movement: long, thin tendons
25
organization of tendon
* each unit is held together by connective tissue sheaths * comprised predominantly of collagen
26
What are tendons response to loading
* tendons are elastic: they deform (stretch) in response to loading (RUBBER BAND)
27
tendinopathy
general term for painful **overuse** conditions of tendon
28
tendinosis
degeneration of tendon
29
tendinitis
inflammation of tendon
30
Pathophysiology of tendinosis
1. pain and swelling 2. disorganization of tendon structure 3. increased vascularity 4. patients may be asymptomatic \*\* pathophysiology is not well-defined