Lecture 11

Question 1

gustation

Answer 1

taste

Question 2

olfaction

Answer 2

smell

Question 3

chemosenses

Answer 3

senses that detect chemicals

smell and taste

Question 4

uses of taste and smell

Answer 4

prevent ingestion of toxins, avoid danger

social effects of smell- pheremones

Question 5

core tastes

Answer 5

sweet, sour, salty, umami, bitter

Question 6

what receptors does each taste bud cell contain?

Answer 6

receptors for each of the 5 core tastes

Question 7

what causes a sweet taste?

Answer 7

sugars and artificial sweeteners

• fructose, glucose
• aspartame, saccharin

Question 8

what causes a sour taste?

Answer 8

all acids

Question 9

what causes a bitter taste?

Answer 9

no unique chemical class

-quinine, caffeine, peptide, phenols

Question 10

what causes a salty taste

Answer 10

salts like table salt (NaCl) or NH4Cl, KCl

Question 11

what causes an umami taste?

Answer 11

mono sodium glutamate, inosine 5’ - monophosphate, guanosine 5’ monophosphate

Question 12

what are ‘super tasters’?

Answer 12

people with more papillae and taste buds

can detect ‘tasteless’ substance PROP

Question 13

what is the suggested sixth taste?

Answer 13

starch

Question 14

why may starch detection be important?

Answer 14

for detection as a slow release form of energy

Question 15

how many types of molecule can smell differentiate between?

Answer 15

10,000 types

Question 16

what is smell limited by?

Answer 16

our memory for what they indicate

Question 17

classification for smells?

Answer 17

no satisfactory classification of odours

Question 18

two routes for smell

Answer 18

orthonasal and retronasal

Question 19

orthonasal

Answer 19

via inhalation

Question 20

retronasal

Answer 20

during chewing/ swallowing

Question 21

how many different types of olfactory receptor?

Answer 21

350

Question 21

how many different types of olfactory receptor?

Answer 21

350

Question 22

what do receptors of similar types project to

Answer 22

the same ganglion

Question 23

how many chemicals can we discriminate (smell)

Answer 23

1 trillion

Question 24

effect of attention on smell

Answer 24

sniffing | automatic attention

Question 25

effect of labelling on smell

Answer 25

same odour will smell worse if labelled as a body odour rather than cheese

Question 26

effects of learning

Answer 26

expert wine tasters identifying wone odours

Question 27

top down effects on smell

Answer 27

attention, effect of labelling, effect of learning

Question 28

the proust effect

Answer 28

vivid memories bought back by particular smells

Question 29

close linkage between smell and what part of the brain (related to memory)

Answer 29

limbic system (emotion)

Question 30

what is flavour a combination of? what else influences it?

Answer 30

gustation and olfaction Texture, pain, sound, vision

Question 31

how is the tongue represented in the somatosensory system

Answer 31

well represented

Question 32

what does chilli act on:

Answer 32

pain receptors on teh tongue

Question 33

what tastes can partially supress chilli?

Answer 33

best: sweet and sour liquids salty intermediate bitter not effective

Question 34

when do foods taste crunchier and fresher?

Answer 34

when the sound is amplified of the high frequencies increased

Question 35

when is food rated less sweet and salty?

Answer 35

in the presence of background noise

Question 36

how does art inspired dishes impact tastiness ratings

Answer 36

increased ratings

Question 37

what is multisensory perception

Answer 37

generated several independent energies, which are simultaneously detectable by different types of sensory detector

Question 38

what do multisensory receptive fields refer to?

Answer 38

a single neuron that responds to more than one modality

Question 39

what does the orbitofrontal cortex respond to?

Answer 39

taste and smell

Question 40

what does the posterior parietal cortex respond to?

Answer 40

touch, vision and audition

Question 41

what does multisensory integration do/ allow?

Answer 41

1) allows the detection of weak stimulus in another modality 2) can make sense of an ambiguous modality in another modality 3) can alter the quality of a stimulus in another modality

Question 42

why is ventriloquism important?

Answer 42

an example of how visual information can influence where in space we perceive a sound source (multisensory integration)

Question 43

what is the McGurk effect? what does it demonstrate?

Answer 43

if you watch lips moving make a gaga sound and hear baba, perceive baba visual information is affecting the sound that you hear

Question 44

rubber hand illusion

Answer 44

tactile input and visual input differ | a persons own hand may feel as if its in the location of a rubber hand

Question 45

kinaesthesia- illusion of speed and explanation

Answer 45

70mph initially feels faster than 10 minutes later | Nervous system turns down the 'gain' on steady-state inputs

Question 46

what is the effect of painted/ raised lines on a road?

Answer 46

increased awareness of speed via vision and audition | multisensory approach

Question 47

what is synaesthesia?

Answer 47

stimulation of a particular type which always leads to another perceptual experience

Question 48

how many people have synaesthesia?

Answer 48

1 in 200

Question 49

what can training to experience genuine synaesthesia lead to?

Answer 49

an increase in IQ