Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular System > Lecture 10.2: Hypertension > Flashcards

Lecture 10.2: Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hypertension?

A

Persistent elevation of blood pressure in the systolic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are Risk Factors for Hypertension? (6)

A
  • Family History
  • Diet
  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • High Cholesterol
  • Smoking
  • Lack of Active Lifestyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure Equation

A

Mean Arterial Pressure = Cardiac Output x Systemic Vascular Resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cardiac Output Equation

A

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Angiotensin 1 vs 2

A
  • Angiotensin I is in turn cleaved by angiotensin-
    converting enzyme (ACE) to produce
    angiotensin II
  • Angiotensin II in turn causes vasoconstriction
    and increases BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Primary Hypertension?

A
  • No known cause
  • 95% of Hypertension cases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Secondary Hypertension?

A
  • Has a known cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some causes of Secondary Hypertension? (17)

A
  • Renal Artery Stenosis
  • Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Coarctation of the Aorta
  • Gestational HTN
  • Pre-eclampsia
  • Autonomic Dysfunction
  • Medications
  • Non-adherence to Antihypertensives
  • Alcohol
  • Obstructive Sleep
  • Apnoea
  • Obesity
  • Hyper-aldosteronism
  • Hypercortisolaemia
  • Phaechromocytoma
  • Acromegaly
  • Thyroid Dysfunction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stages of High BP: High Normal (BP readings)

A

130/80 mmHg to 139/89 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stages of High BP: Stage 1 (BP readings)

A
  • In Clinic: 140/90 mmHg to 159/99 mmHg
  • Out of Office: 135/85 mmHg to 149/94
    mmHg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stages of High BP: Stage 2 (BP readings)

A
  • In Clinic: 160/100 mmHg or higher but less
    than 180/120
  • Out of Office: 150/95 mmHg or higher
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stages of High BP: Stage 3 (BP readings)

A

Systolic 180 mmHg or higher or diastolic of 120 mmHg or higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

End Organ Damage: Eyes (4)

A
  • Arteriolar Narrowing
  • Haemorrhages
  • Macular Exudate
  • Papilloedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

End Organ Damage: Heart

A
  • Hypertrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

End Organ Damage: Kidney

A
  • Reduced GFR -> CKD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypertensive Emergencies

A
  • Malignant Hypertension
  • Hypertensive Encephalopathy
  • Pre-eclampsia
  • Acute Stroke
  • Acute Pulmonary Oedema
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
  • Aortic Dissection
17
Q

What Drugs have an effect on the ANS? (2)

A
  • β-blockers
  • α-blockers
18
Q

What Drugs have an effect on systemic vascular resistance?

A
  • Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
  • Because muscle contraction is largely
    dependent upon influx of calcium, its inhibition
    causes relaxation of vascular and arterial
    smooth muscle cells
  • Thus arterial vasodilation
  • Thus ↓ BP
19
Q

What Drug has an effect on effective circulating volume? Mechanism?

A
  • Thiazide Diuretics
  • Reduce BP by increased urination and sodium
    loss
  • Thus decreased blood volume, thus ↓ BP
20
Q

What Drugs inhibit Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II conversion? Mechanism?

A

ACE-Inhibitors (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors)

21
Q

What Drug inhibits Angiotensin II? Mechanism?

A

Angiotensin-II Receptor Blocker (ARBs)
Antagonise receptor binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptors

22
Q

What does the AT1 Receptor promote? (4)

A
  • Various intracellular signalling pathways
    resulting in hypertension
  • Endothelial dysfunction
  • Vascular remodelling
  • End organ damage
23
Q

What Drug inhibits Aldosterone? Mechanism?

A
  • Spironolactone (reduces BP as is aldosterone-
    antagonist)
  • Act on the collecting duct of the nephron
  • Competes with aldosterone for the
    mineralocorticoid receptor
  • Prevents aldosterone-induced potassium
    excretion and sodium resorption
24
Q

Effect of Angiotensin II

A
  • Increases in blood pressure
  • Influences renal tubuli to retain sodium and
    water
  • Stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal
    gland
25
Q

Effect of Aldosterone on CVS

A
  • Causes sodium and water retention
  • Which causes increased blood volume
  • Subsequent increase in blood pressure
26
Q

Examples of ACEIs

A

Ramipril
Lisinopril

27
Q

Examples of ARBs

A

Candasartan
Losartan

28
Q

Examples of CCBs

A

Amlodipine
Felodipine

29
Q

Examples of Thiazide Diuretics

A

Indapamide
Bendroflumethiazide

30
Q

Examples of β-blockers

A

Propanolol
Bisoprlol
Labetalol
Atenolol

31
Q

Examples of α-blockers

A

Doxazosin

32
Q

β-blockers MOA

A
33
Q

α-blockers MOA

A
34
Q

What is Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea?

A

It is a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep, and is usually relieved in the upright position

Cardiovascular System (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions