Lecture 10.1/10.2 More Deuterostomes

Question 1

What clades are considered Deuterostomes ?

Answer 1

• Hemichordata
• Echinodermata
• Chordata

Question 2

What is the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?

Answer 2

Invertebrates do not have a backbone

Question 3

Characteristics of Vertebrates?

Answer 3

• Spinal Column
• skull with brain
• well-developed circulatory system w/ ventral heart

Question 4

Agnathan clade?

Answer 4

• considered a vertebrate
• but split off before the evolution of jaws and mineralized skeleton

NO JAW or mineralized skeleton

• A- without*
• gnath-jaws*
• stome-mouth*

Question 5

Gnathostomes?

Answer 5

Has Jaw & Bones

gnath-jaws

stome- mouth

Question 6

Examples of Agnathans?

Answer 6

Lamprey

Hagfish

Question 7

Gnathostomes three major clades?

Answer 7

Chondrichthyes- sharks and rays

Actinopterygii- ray-finned fishes

Sarcopterygii- tetrapods like us, humans

Question 8

Fact about the common ancestor of Actinoterygii & Sarcopterygii?

Answer 8

Evolved outgrowths of gut(sacs) that could be filled with air

• lungs evolved for sarcopterygii
• swim bladders evolved for actinopterygii
  
  • can be filled with air or water to help fish swim up or down

Question 9

What fish was found in 1938?

Answer 9

Coelocanths

Question 10

Example of lobe-fins?

Answer 10

Lung fish (sarcopterygii)

Question 11

Tetrapods meaning?

Answer 11

tetra- four

pod- foot

Question 12

Who are the tetrapods?

Answer 12

• Amphibia
  
  • Amphi = both kinds (two life stages)
    
    • aquatic, amphibious, or terrestrial
    • aquatic larvae
• Reptilia
• Mammalia

Question 13

What are the three clades of Amphibians?

Answer 13

• Caudata
  
  • Salamander
• Anurans
  
  • frogs & toads
  • anura = no tail
• Caecilians
  
  • Legless
  • develop in soil and near water

Question 14

What is the sister clade of Amniotes?

Answer 14

Reptiles and Mammals

Question 15

Invertebrate Chordates?

Answer 15

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

Question 16

Jawless Vertebrates?

Answer 16

Agnathans

includes the hagfish and lamprey

Question 17

Jawed Vertebrates?

Answer 17

Gnathostomes

includes the

Chondrichthyes

Actinoptergyii

Sarcopterygii

Tetrapods

Question 18

Amniotes?

Answer 18

Synapamorphy was eggs and milk includes the :

• Raptilia
• Mammalia

Evolved key adaptations to live on land

Question 19

Amniotes are within what clade?

Answer 19

Tetrapods

Question 20

Amnoitic egg has four extraembryonic memebranes

_____, ________,_________

Answer 20

1. Amnion protects embryo from sudden movement
2. Yolk sac encloses nutrient for developing embryo
3. Chorion and Allantois enhance gas exchange & excretion of waste

Question 21

What is another form of adabtation to dry habitats?

Answer 21

Tough, dry skin

Question 22

What are the reptile synapomorphy?

Answer 22

Scales or feathers made of Kertain

Question 23

Difference between oviparous and ovoviviparous

Answer 23

oviparous- amniotic eggs on land

ovoviviparous- female retaind egg, gives birth to juveniles

Question 24

Thermoregulation?

Answer 24

cannot regulate body tempature (echothermic)

Therefore they need to absorb heat from the enviornement

Question 25

What are the three clades of extinct reptiles?

Answer 25

* Parareptiles * Plesiosaurs * Ichthyosaurs

Question 26

What are the two clades of Lepidosaurus?

Answer 26

Tuataras Squamates (Lizards & snakes)

Question 27

What two groups are Archosaurs that are _not extinct_?

Answer 27

Crocodilians and Birds

Question 28

What are the similarities in Crocodilians & birds?

Answer 28

1. Gene sequence 2. circulation & resppiration 3. degree of parental care

Question 29

What dinasour is not extinct?

Answer 29

Archaeopteryx: Therapod dinosaurs

Question 30

What are the features in birds imporant for flight?

Answer 30

Hollow bones Sternum Furcula (wishbone) unidirectional lungs!

Question 31

Paleognaths?

Answer 31

Flightless birds

Question 32

Neognaths?

Answer 32

Diverse in clades and its the rest of the living birds

Question 33

What are the mammals synapomorphies?

Answer 33

Sweat glands Mammary glands (ex: breast feeding) hair/fur

Question 34

What is a Synapsids?

Answer 34

One distinct opening in skull behind each eye ## Footnote **gave rise to mammmals**

Question 35

What are the mammals differentiated reproductive biology?

Answer 35

Monotremes (egg-laying) Marsupials Eutherians (young develops in the uterus)

Question 36

Monotremes?

Answer 36

lay eggs lack a placenta mammary glands (no nipples) EX: platypus and 4 echidnas

Question 37

Name a Marsupial?

Answer 37

Kangaroo

Question 38

Eutherians development fact?

Answer 38

Young development in uterus, while joined to the mother by a placenta

Question 39

Synapmorphies of Primates?

Answer 39

Limbs with grasping hand a& fett Flat face with foward facing eyes HUMANS and Gorillas

Question 40

What are the two types of Primates?

Answer 40

The Prosimians -lemurs The Anthropoids - the monkeys, apes, and Humans!

Question 41

Pro-? simians?

Answer 41

Pro- Before Simiams - monkeys Live in "Old World" Africa

Question 42

Anthropoids includes what worlds?

Answer 42

New and Old New World monkeys have **prehensile tails**

Question 43

What are the closest living relatives to humans?

Answer 43

Chimpanzees and bonobos