Lecture 10 - Structure and function of lipids

Question 1

Phospholipid polar head type
used in assessing the lung maturity of a fetus in order to determine the optimum time for an elective termination of pregnancy* ratio

Answer 1

Choline → phosphatidylcholine (Lecithins)

Question 2

How is Lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio used?

Answer 2

Determining lung development for pregnancies, The more lecithin, the more mature the pregnancy

Question 3

Phospholipid polar head type

found in the inner leaflet of and is the most common head in plasmalogens

Answer 3

Ethanolamine → phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 4

Plasmalogens play a role in

Answer 4

• anti-oxidation
• signal transduction and
• membrane structure

Question 5

Disease with abnormality in plasmalogens biosynthesis in peroxisomes

Answer 5

Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata

Question 6

Phospholipid polar head type

• is found in the inner leaflet of the membrane
• plays a role in apoptosis signaling that can be detected using Annexin V assay)

Answer 6

Serine → phosphatidylserine (PS)

Question 7

Phospholipid polar head type

• a key membrane constituent
• essential in the synthesis of second messengers

Answer 7

Inositol → phosphatidylinositol

Question 8

Phospholipid polar head type

• a major component of pulmonary surfactant
• used to assess fetal lung development

Answer 8

Glycerol → phosphatidylglycerol

Question 9

Cholesterol that carries to the liver, then clears

Known as good cholesterol

Answer 9

HDL (High density Lipoproteins)

Question 10

Cholesterol that carries away from the liver, builds up in arteries as plaque, known as bad cholesterol

Answer 10

LDL (Low density lipoproteins)

Question 11

intercellular communication
antigenic determinants of ABO groups
can be receptors for viruses and bacteria toxins

Answer 11

Sphingolipids

Question 12

• secreted from adipose when the triglyceride levels increase
• Its action on the hypothalamus results in a signal leading to cessation of eating (anorexigenic factors)

Answer 12

Leptin

Question 13

-the most abundantly secreted hormone from adipocytes

Answer 13

Adiponectin

Question 14

Adiponectin binding leads to what?

Answer 14

Decreasing blood levels of
Glucose, and
free fatty acids

by
initiates a transduction cascade that results in the activation of:
-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and
-the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα]

In the muscle, activation of AMPK leads to the enhancement of:

• fatty acid oxidation and
• glucose uptake

In the liver, activation of AMPK enhances fatty acid oxidation

Question 15

Adiponectin secretion _________ as the adipocyte’s size increases

Answer 15

Decreases

contributes fatty acids and glucose accumulation in blood stream, leading to insulin resistance

Question 16

The lipid-lowering drugs that activate PPARα leading to:

• fatty acid transport,
• energy uncoupling, and
• fatty acid oxidation

Answer 16

Fibrates