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Personality Revision 2 > Lecture 10 - Social Anxiety, Shyness and Embarrassment > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Social Anxiety, Shyness and Embarrassment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 things in the family of social anxieties

A
  1. Embarrassment
  2. Shyness
  3. Social Anxiety

Social anxiety contains elements of the first two, but embarrassment and shyness can

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2
Q

What has social anxiety told us about?

A
  • Informed us about why people feel embarrassed and the impact this an have
  • The extreme form = Social Anxiety Disorder - helps us understand effects of shyness and embarassment combining
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3
Q

Outline Mattick & Clarke’s (1997) distinctions between:

  1. Social ‘Interaction’ anxiety
  2. Social Phobia
A
  1. Social ‘Interaction’ anxiety
    - Problems with interactions in social world
    - Dealing with different, odd social situations
    - Distress on meeting and talking to others
    - Fear of being inarticulate, sounding stupid etc
    - Anxiety about the situation in general
  2. Social Phobia
    - Anxiety/ fear at prospect of being observed by others
    - What others will think of you, how they are perceivng you
    - Fear of being structinised in that situation, not just the situation as a whole
    - Eating, using public toilets etc
    - Insecure in unseucre company
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4
Q

How is Socialy Interaction Anxiety measured?

A

Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS)

  • Statements you have to agree/ disagree too
  • E.g. i have difficulty making eye contact with others (important measure as it is frequent in social interactions)
  • Tension vs relaxation is important too
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5
Q

How is Social Phobia measured?

A

Social Phobia scale

  • Again statements you have to agree/ disagree to
  • E.g. i worry i might do something to attract the attention of other people
  • SPS looks more at experience of anxiety, and how it effects a performance on a task
  • Comparing from when they do that task in a social situation vs on their own
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6
Q

Outline Social Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Significant combination of embarrassment and shyness
  • Problems with social interactions
  • Fear of social situations due to being judged negatively
  • Always anticipating what could happen and what could go wrong
  • recognise anxiety levels are unreasonable/ excessive
  • interferes with daily life
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7
Q

How can S.A.D impact life?

  1. Educational
  2. Occupational
  3. Interpersonal
A

Major impact on life:

  1. Education
    - may not attend lectures if feeling too self-concious
    - may not like doing group presentations
  2. Occupational
    - may not take a job if it involves giving presentations, or lots of group work
    - May prefer to work alone
  3. Interpersonal
    - May not socialise very much/ prefer their own company
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8
Q

What did Heckelm & Schneier (1995) define Social Anxiety Disorder as?

A
  • Central aspect is fear of performing or “showing oneself up” in social situation - as this was lead to embarrassment, humiliation and shame
  • Anticipation is key - anticipating something will go wrong, so they avoid the situation. But may feel shame/ embarrassment that they have missed the social interactions - its a vicious circle
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9
Q

Who does SAD affect?

A
  • Usually before age of 25, rare above then
  • Children and teens
  • Varies between individuals
  • Shyness may increase with age, and increase with your knowledge of peer intreactions and social judgement
  • Other cases may be linked to specific life events
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10
Q

What are the 3 manifestations of Social Anxiety Disorder?

A
  1. Generalised Social Anxiety Disorder
    2, Non-generalised (performance) Social anxiety disorder
  2. Avoidant Personality
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11
Q

Outline Generalised Social Anxiety Disorder

A
  • Wide range of social situations
  • Persistant shyness throughout life
  • Not event specific - just their temperament
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12
Q

Outline Non-generalised (performance) Social anxiety disorder

A

Anxiety response to certain situations

  • performing in front of others
  • Much more specific
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13
Q

Outline Avoidant Personality

A
  • Most severe form of social anxiety
  • Detached personality pattern
  • No close friends, avoid activities
  • Detached from social envronment
  • Avoid situations
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14
Q

What are Markway & Markway (2003) 3 categories of SAD symptoms?

A
  1. Cognitive SYmptoms (What they think)
  2. Phsyical Reactions (How their body feels)
  3. Behavioural Avoidance (What they do)

Need to meet all 3 to be categorised with a form of SAD

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15
Q

Outline Cognitive Symptoms according to Markway & Markway (2003)

A
  • Negative thoughts and doubts about themselves (Will i sound stupid, do i look okay?)
  • Search for affirmation from outside world - if they can see everything is going okay, it will calm their social anxiety symptoms
  • If audience is giving indication that the do in fact look stupied, their symptoms may be manifested a bit more
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16
Q

Outline Physical reactions according to Markway & Markway (2003)

A
  • Vicious cycle: cognitive symptoms may cause physical reactions and vice versa
  • Panic attacks, dizziness, shaking, sweating, short breath, increased HR, tight chest, numb body nausea
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17
Q

Outline Behavioural Avoidance according to Markway & Markway (2003)

A
  • It is in our nature to avoid disttress and pain
  • Extent of avoidance determined by severity of anxiety
  • Choices always based on fear: either of the situation, or their actions in the situation
  • Avoidance reinforces anxiety - you avoid learning that you can cope and manage the situations
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18
Q

What are the 3 causes of Social Anxiety Disorder

A
  1. Genetic and Biological
  2. Developmental Theory
  3. Chemical Imbalances
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19
Q

Outline Genetic and Biological as a cause for Social Anxiety Disorder
- Kagan’s Syndrome

A

Kagan (1994, 1998) - Explored genetic influences on Social anxiety

  • Came up with Kagan’s Syndrome: Genetically expressed trait of anxiety
  • Socially anxiety may be a result of a genetically dirven trait
  • Related to inhibited temperament in children - restraining impulses and desires
  • Possible to inherit genes that amplify shyness into social anxiety
20
Q

Outline Kendler et al (1992) Twin study into heritability of anxiety

A
  • Looked at Female MZ twins

- found only a 30% heritability estimate for SAD

21
Q

Outline Development theory as a cause for Social Anxiety Disorder
- Burch & Cheek (1995)

A

Bruch & Cheek (1995)

  • Children could have an anxious temperament
  • at 7 months, likely anxiety is about: stranger or seperation anxiety
  • at like 6-8 years, anxiety largely about being alone
  • Argued if you have an anxious temperement at few months old, you are more likely to have it later in life, and develop social anxiety
  • Early Traumatic/ stressful life events associated with increased risk
22
Q

Outline Chemical imbalances as a cause for Social Anxiety Disorder

A
  • IMbalance in several neurotransmitters:
  • They are mood stabilisers, heart rate and blood pressure, muscle stimulation (tenseness)
  • Serotonin - associated with bodily processes in tense situations
  • Noradrenaline - responsible for bodily functions, hr/ Bp, important in stressful, fearful, anxious situations
  • Gamma - Aminobutyric acid - how your brain connects to nerve impulses in body. If you brain is telling that your in an anxious situation, this gets transmitted to the different parts of the body
  • These processes are important for sense of emotional well-being, which is damaged if there is an imbalance
  • Can be treated with stuff like SSRI’s
23
Q

Define Shyness

A

Tendency to feel awkward, worried and tense during social interaction, especially with unfamiliar people

  • Less severe than social anxiety Disorder
  • Symptoms are similar, but not as severe, and not as interupting
24
Q

Outline Prevalence of chronic shyness (throughout entire life)

A
  • up to 50% report feeling chronically shy

- Not necessarily just in social situations, can be in all scenarios (Zimbardo, 1977)

25
Q

How is Shyness linked to health?

A

Shyness associated with poor physical and mental health:
• Self-conciousness - negative self thoughts/ talk
•Feeling Awkward, unfriendly, or incompetent at their job
•Affects verbal and non-verbal communication - tend to avoid eye-contact, not likely to interact with others as much due to fear of being judged
•Negatively describe the self
•Loneliness and social isolation as they avoid situation

26
Q

Outline Henderson & Zimbardo’s (1998) defintion of Shyness

A
  • Discomfort/ inhibition in interpersonal situations
  • This has an effect on interpersonal of professional goals - may be prepared for a presentation but shyness stops them
  • Excessive self-focus
  • Pre-occupation with own thoughts, feelings and physical reactions to the situation
  • Especially worse with unfamiliar people
27
Q

Outline what Henderson & Zimbardo’s (1998) said Shyness can be:

A

Shyness can be
•Chronic (long lasting) and dispositional (seen in all situations)
• Central to a persons definition of their own identity
•Situational = nervous in delivering a talk, but not talking to friends
• Occur at any of the following levels, not necessarily all at once:
- Cognitive
- Affective
- Physiological
- Behavioural

28
Q

Outline the cognitive level of Shyness

A
  • Fear of negative evaluation/ looking foolish, cant make any mistakes
  • Negative thoughts about self, situation or others
  • Worry and rumination
  • Self-blaming
  • Believing self as weak, seeing others as strong
  • Negative bias around self-concept - its my fault, focus on the negatives
29
Q

Outline the Affective level of Shyness

A
  • Embarrassment and self-concioussness
  • Shame - for mistakes, cant see them as constructive
  • Low Self-esteem
  • Dejection and sadness
  • Loneliness/ depression - reflection & Rumination
  • Anxiety
30
Q

Outline the Physiological level of Shyness

A
  • Similar to social anxiety: shaking, nervous, racing heartbeat
  • Feeling unreal or detached
  • Fear of losing control (over body), having panic attack, heart attck
31
Q

Outline the Behavioural level of Shyness

A
  • Inhibition or passivity - may not engage in conversation/ activity, let world pass by
  • Averting gaze
  • Avoidance of previous situations that have made them feel shy
  • Little body movement or over-the-top body movement - over-compensate to give impression of the opposite
  • Speaking quietly
  • Speech faults (e.g. speaking too fast)
  • Nervous behaviour
32
Q

How Can you assess shyness?

A

One way = The Revised Cheek & Buss Shyness scale

  • Agree or disagree statements
  • Some are reversed scored, prevents someone ticking the same box for everything
33
Q

Outline State vs trait shyness

A

State:
•Situational, immediate experience of shyness
•Everyone has this at some point - e.g. with strangers

Trait:
•Permanent tendency to experience shyness
•Stable personality trait

Both can lead to social withdrawal, but depends on person and the situation

34
Q

Outline Russell et al (1986) longitudinal into trait anxiety

A

Russell et al (1986) found it was consistent over time, from childhood to older age and adulthood, doesn’t change despite how many situations you put yourself in

35
Q

Outline Zimbardo (1977) into distnctions between shyness and introversion

A

Shyness and introversion clearly distinguishable

  • Introverts DONT FEAR SOCIAL SITUATIONS, but prefer their own company and solitary activities
  • Shy people often prefer to be with others, just feel anxious about it
36
Q

Outline Henderson & Zimbardo (1998) into extroverts and shyness

A

Some extraverts are shy

  • They are okay in a structured familiar social situatoins
  • But are introverted in new or one-to-one situations
37
Q

Define Embarrassment

A

Self-concious feeling you get after realising you have done something stupid, silly or dishonourable

  • Results from believing you have done something that will lower them in others estimations
  • It is healthy, as you learn to deal with it
  • But its unhealthy if it directs your life
38
Q

What can embarrassment result from?

A
  • Things you have done
  • People you know
  • Things you dont know
  • Personal or biological drives
  • Money issues
  • Some can laught it off, others are debilitated by it
  • some can use it as a learning curves, other cant recover from it and avoid potentially embarrassing situations
39
Q

What are Sabini et al (2000) 3 kinds of triggers for embarrassment

A
  1. Faux Pas (Social Blunders) - something wrong in eyes of society, wont do that next time
  2. Sticky Situations - e.g. taking out loan, knowing they cant pay it back
  3. Being centre of attention - Not always a bad thing, and doesnt always last long
40
Q

What are the 3 models/ theories of embarrassment

A
  1. Social Evaluation Model
  2. Situational self-esteem model
  3. Personal Standards Model
41
Q

Outline the Social Evaluation Model of Embarrassment

- Edelmann (1987)

A
  • Embarrassment is driven by concern for what others think
  • Failure to impress (Edelmann (1987)
  • How you think others are viewing you - determines what is considered embarrassing
  • If someone is not concerened about what others think, they will not feel embarrassed
  • Tendency to avoid situations that will embarrass them
42
Q

What are limitations of the Social evaluation model?

A

X - Too simple?

X - Ignores situational and genetic factors - its just about what other people think

43
Q

Outline the Situational Self-esteem model of Embarrassment***
- Modigliani (1971)

A

More about your own opinions of your self, and how you act in situations

  • Negative self-evaluations set in motion further events which cause the embarrassment - feel like you cant do it
  • Public failures leads to temporary loss of Self-esteem so you avoid it again in the future
  • If something embarassing happens you evalute yourself badly, so avoid future ones
  • Modigliani (1971) argues root cause is temporary loss of self-esteem that results from public failure
44
Q

Outline the Personal Standards Model of Embarrassment (Babcock, 1988)

A

When someone realises they have failed in the standards of behaviour they have set for themselves
- (Babcock, 1988)

  • It is not the situation that is embarrassing, it is your failure to meet your standards that you set last time you were in that situation
  • Less about others/ society/ situation
45
Q

How could an embarrassing situation influence all 3 of the models?

A
  1. Result in fear of unwanted social evaluations (Social evaluation model)
  2. Affect Self-esteem (Situational Self-esteem model)
  3. Result in feeling that one has let onself down (Personal standards model)
    - Could affect all 3 at one time
46
Q

Outline Kelly & Jones (1997) theory - into indivdual predictors of embarassment

A

three individual predictors of embarrassment:

  1. Personality
    - levels of neuroticism and extraversion can increase embarrasment, shyness and social anxiety
    - e.g. Neuroticism may lead to more self-evaluation/ negative self-esteem
  2. Vulnerability - isolating self more could lead to feeling more vulnerable -vicious cycle
  3. Anxiety and Depression - more embarrassment

Personality Revision 2 (10 decks)

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