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MBB 231 > Lecture 10 - Cells & Organelles > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Cells & Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

the presence of a nucleus in eurkaryotes

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2
Q

T or F: prokaryotes transport material into and out of the cell

A

False

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3
Q

what are the 2 membranes of the nuclear envelope?

A
  1. the inner membrane, defines the nucleus
  2. the outer membrane, contiguous with the ER
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4
Q

_________ _____ fuse the two membranes, which serve as a conduit for transport between the cytoplasm and the __________

A

nuclear pores, nucleoplasm

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5
Q

what occurs in the nucleus for it to be deemed the information centre of the cell?

A

DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing

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6
Q

what is the prominent subdomain of the nucleus and what happens there?

A

the nucleolus where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and ribosome are assembled

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7
Q

def: consists of tubular membranes and flattened sacs called cistern

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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8
Q

what is the internal space of the ER called?

A

the lumen

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9
Q

the ER is continuous with the _________ _____ _____ ______

A

outer membrane of the nuclear envelope

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10
Q

def: critical staring point of the protein biosynthetic pathways

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

the cytoplasmic side of the RER membrane is covered in what?

A

studded with robsomes

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12
Q

are free ribosomes associated with the ER?

A

no

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13
Q

what is the purpose of ribosome on the outside of the RER membrane?

A

they synthesize polypeptides that accumulate within the membrane or are transported across into the lumen

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14
Q

def: extensively developed in many cells, like skeletal muscle, kidney tubules, steroid producing endocrine cells

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

T or F: the smooth ER has a role in protein synthesis

A

False, it does not

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16
Q

what does the smooth ER synthesize?

A

lipids and steroid hormones, prominent in the gonads and adrenal cortex endocrine cells

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17
Q

def: specialized type of smooth ER, critical for the storage and release of calcium ions during muscle contraction

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

def: closely related to the ER in proximity and function, consists of a stack of flattened vesicles known as cistern, accepts transition vesicles that bus off the RER and enter the cis side, which faces the RER

A

golgi apparatus

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19
Q

what does the Golgi apparatus play an important role in?

A

processing and packaging secretory proteins, and in complex polysaccharide synthesis

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20
Q

def: vesicle sorting station, segregating proteins into vesicles headed to plasma membrane or other intracellular destinations

A

trans golgi network (TGN)

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21
Q

def: transition vesicle sorting station, sorting of proteins to be sent back to the ER or on to the Golgi

A

cis golgi network (CGN)

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22
Q

lysosomes are the _________ organelle

A

digestive

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23
Q

how many membranes do lysosomes have

A

1

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24
Q

def: pH activated and sequestered enzymes that are synthesized in the ER and transported to the Golgi and packaged into secretory vesicles (lysosomes)

A

hydrolases

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25
Q

what are hydrolytic enzymes activated by?

A

proteolytic cleavage in an acidic environment

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26
Q

what maintains the low internal pH of the lysosome?

A

the ATP-driven H+ pump in the lysosomal membrane

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27
Q

what protects the lysosome membrane from digestion?

A

a special carbohydrate coating on the inner side of the lysosome membrane

28
Q

what are 3 degradation pathways utilize the lysosome?

A
  1. endocytosis
  2. phagocytosis
  3. autophagy (mechanism for degrading intracellular organisms)
29
Q

once processed by the Golgi complex, materials to be exported from the cell are packaged into __________ __________

A

secretory vesicles

30
Q

secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents outside the cell by __________

A

exocytosis

31
Q

what 4 components make up the endomembrane system?

A
  1. ER
  2. Golgi
  3. Vesicles
  4. Lysosomes
32
Q

what process do these two statements describe:
- proteins leaving the cell
- molecules are added to the plasma membrane

A

exocytosis of biomolecules

33
Q

what process do these two statements describe:
- cellular uptake of particles and macromolecules
- nutrients, growth factors, recycling of membrane, membrane repair

A

endocytosis of biomolecuels

34
Q

def: cytoplasmic vesicles with a diameter of 0.1-10 mm, surrounded by a single membrane and perform several functions depending on cell type, detoxify harmful compounds, and catabolize unusual substances

A

peroxisomes

35
Q

are peroxisomes part of the endomembrane system?

A

no

36
Q

what is the vital role of peroxisomes in animal cells?

A

oxidative breakdown of fatty acids, especially longer chain fatty acids

37
Q

peroxisomes can both generate and degrade ________ ______

A

hydrogen peroxide

38
Q

how do cells protect themselves from hydrogen peroxide?

A

performing H2O2 generating reactions in the same organelle as catalase which decomposes H2O2 into water and oxygen

39
Q

what is the organization in mitochondria?

A

2 membranes, generating 3 regions

40
Q

def: mitochondria - contains porins, which allow free movement of small molecules and ions across

A

outer membrane (relativity permeable)

41
Q

def: mitochondria - acts as a permeability barrier to most solutes

A

inner membrane (highly impermeable)

42
Q

the inner membrane is highly folded into _______ that project into the interior of the mitochondria

A

cristae

43
Q

the density of crustal is related to the _________ _____ __

A

respiratory activity of the cell

44
Q

def: mitochondria - within the inner membrane, contains most of the enzymes associated with mitochondrial function, in addition to DNA and ribosomes

A

matrix

45
Q

def: mitochondria - area between the outer and inner membranes

A

inter membrane space

46
Q

def: mitochondria - localized regions were protons can accumulate during the electron transport process

A

intracristal space

47
Q

what does the mitochondrial matrix contain?

A

many enzymes involved in mitochondria function as well as DNA molecules and ribosomes

48
Q

how many rRNA transcripts does a human mitcochondria have?

A

2

49
Q

in non-photosynthetic cells, what does the mitochondria serve as?

A

principle site of ATP production

50
Q

tissues with high demand for ATP have ______ mitochondria

A

many

51
Q

mitochondria are also important in the regulation of ________

A

apoptosis

52
Q

def: the site of photosynthesis

A

chorloplasts

53
Q

chloroplasts contain a system of flattened membranous sacs called ________ stacked into ________

A

thylakoids, grana

54
Q

T or F: photosynthesis is the opposite of mitochondrial reactions

A

true, its the reverse of the mitochondria reactions that oxidize glucose into CO2

55
Q

reactions involved in the reduction of CO2 to sugar occur within the ______

A

stroma

56
Q

T or F: mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes

A

true

57
Q

are both mitochondria and chloroplasts surrounded by double membranes?

A

yes

58
Q

about 90% of a plant cell can be occupied by a ________

A

vacuole

59
Q

where are toxic compounds stored in plant cells?

A

vaculous

60
Q

what is the main function of the central vacuole in a plant cell?

A

maintain turgor pressure that keeps the plant from wilting

61
Q

why aren’t ribosomes technically considered organelles?

A

they are not enclosed by a membrane

62
Q

each species of ribosomes has a unique type of ________ ___

A

ribosomal RNA

63
Q

def: three dimensional array of interconnected microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, gives strength and distinctive shape to cells

A

cytoskeleton

64
Q

def: comprised primarily of proteins, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

65
Q

what are the functions of the ECM?

A
  • support for cells to form tissues
  • substrate for attachment, motility
  • growth promoting signals
  • rigidity in plants

MBB 231 (19 decks)

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