Lecture 10: Bones, Falls & Fractures

Question 1

list the 4 minerals in bone by order of greatest amount

Answer 1

1. calcium
2. magnesium
3. sodium
4. potassium

Question 2

If BMD is between -1 and -2.5 SD, you have _____

Answer 2

If BMD is between -1 and -2.5 SD, you have osteopenia

Question 3

Bone quality is the structural _____ from which bone is constructed

Answer 3

Bone quality is the structural material from which bone is constructed

Question 4

loss of BMD in OA is compensated by ________

Answer 4

loss of BMD in OA is compensated by periosteal apposition (patching)

Question 5

why is it a problem that OA have low energy intake in relation to bone adaptation?

Answer 5

for a bone to adapt, it must have sufficient energy to rebuild itself

Question 6

If _____ is the problem, ____ are the mechanism by which that problem becomes and injury

Answer 6

If BMD is the problem, falls are the mechanism by which that problem becomes and injury

Question 7

Two things that worsen hearing in OA

Answer 7

1. tinnitus
2. fast speaking

Question 8

for exci to work for bone adaptation there must be sufficient amounts of (list 2 things)

Answer 8

1. calcium
2. vitamin D

Question 9

_____ changes in the visual system decrease visual acuity in OA

Answer 9

Anatomical changes in the visual system decrease visual acuity in OA

Question 10

structural integrity of a bone is increased by _____ and minerals

Answer 10

structural integrity of a bone is increased by collagen and minerals

Question 11

list the three factors affecting bone strength

Answer 11

1. bone density
2. bone quality
3. bone geometry

Question 12

TRUE or FALSE

OA have trouble masking other noises

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

________ is the mass of a bone per unit volume

Answer 13

bone density is the mass of a bone per unit volume

Question 14

define loading cycle

Answer 14

how frequently a stimulus is applied

Question 15

____ is a raw material for bone growth

Answer 15

calcium is a raw material for bone growth

Question 16

the stimulus during training must be at a ________level for a bone to respond

Answer 16

the stimulus during training must be at a suprathreshold level for a bone to respond

Question 17

TRUE or FALSE

we should encourage OA to wear high heels

Answer 17

FALSE

heels decrese foot position awareness which increases the chance of falls

Question 18

for the same bone thickness, the bone with ____ diameter is more solid

Answer 18

for the same bone thickness, the bone with larger diameter is more solid

Question 19

condition in which you have lower than normal BMD

Answer 19

osteopenia

Question 20

preferred name for condition where the person has osteoporosis AND 1 or more fragility fracture

Answer 20

established osteoporosis

Question 21

If BMD is more than -2.5 SD, you have _______

Answer 21

If BMD is more than -2.5 SD, you have osteoporosis

Question 22

after which # of loading cycles is there no longer a positive effect?

Answer 22

40 cycles

Question 23

ACSM guideline for those diagnosed with osteoporosis (3 things)

Answer 23

1. decrease load
2. increase reps
3. avoid impact exci

Question 24

less than ___ OA with a hip fracture recover sufficiently to perform ADLs

Answer 24

less than 1/3 OA with a hip fracture recover sufficiently to perform ADLs

Question 25

Age related changes are seen in which 3 areas?

Answer 25

1. **sensorimotor function** 2. **vision** 3. **hearing**

Question 26

TRUE OR FALSE Bone responds best when the loading pattern is the same as usual

Answer 26

**FALSE** responds better to novel loading patterns

Question 27

2 sensorimotor factors afecting falls in OA

Answer 27

1. **impaired position sense** 2. **foot position awareness**

Question 28

Answer 28

Fear of Falling

Question 29

Which is easier to Fracture: Spongy or cortical bone?

Answer 29

**spongy**

Question 30

4 age related changes in vision

Answer 30

1. **perpheral vision** 2. **glare sensitivity** 3. **dark adaptation** 4. **depth perception**

Question 31

This condition increases spaces in bone cavities and decreases the number and size of trabeculae

Answer 31

**osteoporosis**

Question 32

list the 3 most common sites for fracture

Answer 32

1. **spine** 2. **wrist** 3. **hip**

Question 33

OA make errors when required to move _____ than their ability to move \_\_\_\_

Answer 33

OA make errors when required to move **_faster_** than their ability to move **_acurately_**

Question 34

the two most common areas to experience a fall

Answer 34

1. **bathroom** 2. **stairs**

Question 35

mechanical loading causes ________ because of flow of fluid through and around bone

Answer 35

mechanical loading causes **_osteogenesis_** because of flow of fluid through and around bone

Question 36

Any fall from a standing height resulting in fracture is a ...

Answer 36

**fragility fracture**

Question 37

for a bone to adapt, it must have sufficient _____ to rebuild itself

Answer 37

for a bone to adapt, it must have sufficient **_energy_** to rebuild itself

Question 38

\_\_\_\_ intense bouts of exercise build bone more effectively than _____ sessions

Answer 38

**_short_** intense bouts of exercise build bone more effectively than **_longer_** sessions

Question 39

response of bone to mechanical stimulus is proportional to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 39

response of bone to mechanical stimulus is proportional to the **_loading cycle_**

Question 40

The combination of ____ and ____ can increase the BMD of the spine

Answer 40

The combination of **_exercise_** and **_calcium supplementation_** can increase the BMD of the spine

Question 41

condition where bone mass and structure decline to a point where there is an increase in fragility and susceptibility to fracture

Answer 41

**osteoporosis**

Question 42

ACSM guideline to preserve bone health in adulthood

Answer 42

**moderate to high weight bearing endurance activies**

Question 43

OA complain about _____ someone speak, but not being able to make sense of the \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 43

OA complain about **_hearing_** someone speak, but not being able to make sense of the **_words_**

Question 44

what vitamin facilitates absorption of calcium into blood

Answer 44

**Vitamin D**

Question 45

women have a \_\_\_\_% chance of sustaining a fracture in their lifetime

Answer 45

women have a **_40_**% chance of sustaining a fracture in their lifetime