Lecture 10: Antimicrobial Resistance Flashcards
what is antibiotic resistance?
resistance to antibiotics lol
- it arises in bacteria through mutation or gene transfer in plasmids
- in increases on prevalence in populations of bacteria in people/animals through a rise in pre-existing or new resistance clones under selection pressure or transmission
how has antibiotics changed overtime?
the early 1900s saw the introduction to antibiotics… revolutionary for infectious diseases
then it was noticed that some diseases wouldn’t respond to antibiotics and and antibacterial resistance was noticed
today individuals, researchers and policy makers are working together to fight antibiotic resistance
what are the policy frames of antimicrobial resistance?
AMR has implications in these things:
- AMR as a health issue (biomedical problem)
- as a development issue (access, poverty, sanitation)
- as an innovation issues (new AMs, diagnostics, industry, research)
- as a security issue (need to protect North from diseases in South)
- as a one health issue (scientific community, governments, global)
what are determinants of AMR infection?
- things that increase the risk of infection in general
- things that increase the likelihood that an infection will be resistant
what is the epidemiology of AMR?
its very complicated
- can come from food animals, pets, wildlife, drinking water, farming, aquaculture, medical industry
- can come from anywhere really
how do the SDGs link with AMR?
no goal is specific to AMR, but there are 12 directly linked
e.g. poverty, good health and wellbeing
what is the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance?
developed in 2015 by WHO
- has 5 objectives under each member state action, secretariat action and international and national partnership action with the food and agriculture organisation and world organisation for animal health
what is NZs response to AMR?
- currently not signed up to WHO AMR plan
- but in 2016 we developed current situation and identified areas for action. showed current issue and what should be done
- this then helped develop NZ AMR Action plan
- adopted a one health approach that unites animals, environment and humans health
- UK and canada had similar plan
what is the most effective way to deal with AMR?
research in uk and canada esp found that AMR requires holistic and multisectoral (one health) approach.
- bacteria in animals, humans or environment don’t recognise boundaries between these species so to deal with AMR they need to be thought of as one.
what is the background and reasoning for one health and AMR?
- AMR is highly complex
- policies we have continue to fail AMR
- one health integration is poor
- AMR is more than a biological problem
- many stakeholders are involved with different framings of the problem
- need to understand AMR as a system and to integrate perspectives of stakeholders
whats an example of an AMR case study?
NZ research: to bring together human, animal and environmental health dimensions of AMR in NZ
what are the components of an AMR system?
understanding the links between human, environment and animal health in relation to AMR
the following components have implications in animals, humans and environment
- academic/research
- policy
- community/advocacy
- industry
- clinical
whats the point of an AMR system?
help different sectors come together to address a common issue
allows for collaboration and more effective outcomes
