Lecture 10 Flashcards

Question

What are cannabinoid receptors?

Answer 1

Proteins where the molecules interact with in the brain

Answer 2

Endocannabinoids that our bodies create-> lipid messengers that modulate a variety of physiological processes Anandamide (EAE) Sanskrit word ananda, meaning "joy, bliss” - Affinity for CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system - Affect neurotransmission of dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate. - Levels can increase through: - Exercise- Increases in anandamide - Social contact - mobilization of anandamide in the nucleus accumbens - Chocolate - Vegetables/Fruit→ slows breakdown

Answer 3

- High binding to CB2 receptors, which are predominantly found in the brain and central nervous system. - Its activation of CB1 is associated with modulating processes like mood, memory, cognition, pain perception, and motor function. - Binds to CB2 receptors in the immune system and has a role in immune response and inflammation. - Has been shown to protect neurons from damage and regulate neuroinflammatory responses. - Being studied in conditions like stroke and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's)

Answer 4

- Pain Relief: THC has been shown to be effective in alleviating chronic pain, including pain from conditions like arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and neuropathy. - By activating CB1 and CB2 receptors, it modulates pain signals in the nervous system and can limit the inflammatory response in immune cells. - Nausea - Appetite Stimulation - Neurological Disorders: Research indicates that THC may have neuroprotective properties and could be beneficial for conditions like epilepsy and multiple sclerosis by reducing spasms and seizures. - Some evidence suggests that THC might help alleviate symptoms of PTSD and depression in certain individuals, though effects can vary widely. - Anti-Inflammatory Effects: THC has been studied for its anti-inflammatory properties, which could be beneficial in treating conditions like Crohn’s disease or other inflammatory disorders.

Answer 5

- Anxiety - Difficulty sleeping - Depressed mood. - Difficulty with motivation.

Answer 6

- This accompanies stopping use of cannabis use that has been heavy and prolonged (i.e., usually daily or almost daily use over a period of at least a few months). - Three or more of the following signs and symptoms develop within approximately 1 week after cessation of heavy, prolonged use: - Irritability, anger, or aggression - Nervousness or anxiety - Sleep difficulty (i.e., insomnia, disturbing dreams) - Decreased appetite or weight loss - Restlessness - Depressed mood 1. At least one of the following physical symptoms causing significant discomfort: abdominal pain, shakiness/tremors, sweating, fever, chills, or a headache. 2. The signs or symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Answer 7

A problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period: - Cannabis is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended. - There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control cannabis use. - A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain cannabis, use cannabis, or recover from its effects. - Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use cannabis. - Recurrent cannabis use results in failure to fulfill role obligations at work, school, or home. - Continued cannabis use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of cannabis. - Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of cannabis use. - Recurrent cannabis use in situations in which it is physically hazardous. - Cannabis use continues despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by cannabis.

Answer 8

Approximately 30% of people

Answer 9

- THC causes a release of dopamine in the ventral striatum in human imaging studies. - Decreased dopamine brain reactivity in marijuana abusers is associated with negative emotionality and addiction severity. - Compared the brain’s reactivity in heavy cannabis use vs. controls when challenged with methylphenidate (MP). - Results→cannabis group display attenuated dopamine (DA) responses to MP, including reduced decreases in striatal distribution volumes

Answer 10

- Disconnect from reality. - Hallucinations- Seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling, tasting things that don’t exist. - Delusions- Beliefs not shared by others. - Population research: as cannabis use increases- rates of schizophrenia increase.

Answer 11

Cannabis potency-the concentration of Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol. - 20 studies N=119,581 - Those who reported daily higher potency cannabis use were 5x more likely to be diagnosed with a psychotic disorder compared with those who never used cannabis - Strongest finding→Use of higher potency cannabis compared to lower potency was associated with an increased risk of psychosis and CUD

Answer 12

- 18–64 years who presented to psychiatric services in 11 sites across Europe and Brazil with first-episode psychosis and recruited controls representative of the local populations. - Using Europe-wide and national data on the expected concentration of Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the different types of cannabis available across the sites, we divided the types of cannabis used by participants into two categories: - low potency (THC <10%) - high potency (THC ≥10%)

Answer 13

Presence of delusions or hallucinations. Evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings of either one of the following: 1. The symptoms in the first criterion developed during or soon after cannabis intoxication or withdrawal. 2. The disturbance is not accounted for by a psychotic disorder that is not substance-induced. 3. Evidence that the symptoms are accounted for by a psychotic disorder that is not substance induced might include the following: 1. The symptoms precede the onset of substance use (or medication use). 2. The symptoms persist for a substantial period (e.g., about a month) after the cessation of acute withdrawal or severe intoxication or are substantially more than what would be expected, given the type or amount of the substance used or the duration of use. 3. Other evidence suggests the existence of an independent non–substance-induced psychotic disorder (e.g., a history of recurrent non–substance-related episodes). 4. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during delirium. 5. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.

Answer 14

- 45,000 Swedish military conscripts at 19 and 15 years later. - Those who used cannabis more than 50 times before enlistment were 6x more likely to meet criteria for schizophrenia at the 15 year check-in. - After controlling for ACE’s and other Psychiatric disorders. - Chicken-egg? (directionality)

Answer 15

- Cannabis use assessed at 14 and age 19 using self-report questionnaire regarding the use of alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis as well as other substances. - Participants indicated how many times they had used each of the substances in their lifetime, in the past 12 months, in the past 30 days, and in the past 7 days using a 7-point scale (where 0 indicates never; 1, 1–2 times; 2, 3–5 times; 3, 6–9 times; 4, 10–19 times; 5, 20–39 times; and 6, ≥40 times). - (N= 637) cannabis naïve at age 14 - Structural magnetic resonance image (MRI) data were acquired - Finding: “overwhelmingly supportive of the conclusion that adolescent cannabis use affects DPFC thickness rather than the alternative hypotheses that DPFC thickness development affects an adolescent’s likelihood of beginning to use cannabis or that the two are not affecting one another.” Strength of the connection between cannabis use and DPFC thinning from ages

Answer 16

- The combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), and Psychoeducation Services (PPS) is currently considered the best-evaluated treatment for adults with use disorder. Important Factors - Motivation for change. - Desire for abstinence (making it less effective for adolescents who may not yet be ready to commit to these goals). - Typically done in outpatient settings.

Answer 17

A form of psychotherapy that teaches people strategies to identify and correct problematic behaviors in order to enhance self-control, stop drug use, and address a range of other problems that often co-occur with them

Answer 18

A therapeutic management approach based on frequent monitoring of the target behavior and the provision (or removal) of tangible, positive rewards when the target behavior occurs (or does not).

Answer 19

A systematic form of intervention designed to produce rapid, internally motivated change; the therapy does not attempt to treat the person, but rather mobilize his or her own internal resources for change and engagement in treatment.