Lecture 10

Question 1

controlled or automatic

Answer 1

before walking becomes automatic, as we learn it is more of a controlled process, focusing and using effort

Question 2

inattention

Answer 2

leads to automatic processes

Question 3

controlled

Answer 3

requires attention
limited capacity
rather slow
conscious, takes time
effort is required
controllable
flexible

Question 4

automatic

Answer 4

doesn’t require attention
unlimited capacity
rather fast
effortless
outside full awareness
uncontrollable
inflexible

Question 5

innate automatic behaviours

Answer 5

those that we are born with, we have no control over them

saccade to movement
orient to loud noise
duck oncoming objects

Question 6

learned automatic behaviours

Answer 6

e.g. walking, reading, riding a bike

highly practiced, skilled behaviour
hard to suppress

Question 7

automatic processes are inflexible

Answer 7

e.g. learning multiplication in Greek will become automatic, but multiplication in English will need control

Question 8

how does behaviour become automatic?

Answer 8

practise

Question 9

Schneider and Shiffrin

Answer 9

controlled and automatic processes are based on the same cognitive process
practice results in increased efficiency of these processes

Question 10

Logan

Answer 10

instance theory of automaticity

practise results in a shift of strategy of how a task is performed
controlled and automatic processes based on different cognitive process
unpracticed - general algorithm used to solve problems
practiced - memory retrieval of past solutions

Question 11

instance theory of automaticity example

Answer 11

multiplication of 5 x 4
initially: sum 5 four times - this is slow effortful
after practise: we learn that 5 x 4 = 20. we simply retrieve the solution form memory
this is fast and effortless

Question 12

dangers of automaticity

Answer 12

pay for efficient with rigidity
serious cost
frustrating cost

Question 13

stroop task

Answer 13

saying the colour of the word, not what the word reads

automatic processing is hard to suppress and automatic behaviours are hard to unlearn

it is not that you don’t understand the task, it is that you need to “block out” the automatic processes

Question 14

stroop effect

Answer 14

the effect of an irrelevant dimension of a stimulus on the relevant dimension
this happens without intention
information from one processing system leaks out and interferes with information from another processing system

Question 15

Simon task

Answer 15

spatial task
tapping left hand when red appears
tapping left when green appears
when the colour appears on the opposite side to the hand being tapped response is much slower

Question 16

simon effect

Answer 16

effect of irrelevant dimensions of a stimulus on the relevant dimensions
the location of the square, which is irrelevant to the task, interfered with responding to the colour of the square, which was the relevant aspect

Question 17

serous costs of automaticity

Answer 17

can lead to errors
e.g car controls, plane pilots, proofreading

Question 18

Barshi and Healy

Answer 18

participants checked a series of simple multiplication exercises on accuracy
the exercises were either in fixed order of in varied order

Question 19

what did Barshi and Healy find?

Answer 19

there were more mistakes in the fixed order condition
the fixed order encourages automatic reading of the lists, which disrupts the ability to find the errors

Question 20

action slips

Answer 20

capture slips
data driven slips
description errors
loss of motivations errors

Question 21

capture slips

Answer 21

an action performed is very similar to one well practised
e.g ice skating and roller skates

Question 22

data driven slips

Answer 22

external events activate well practised action schema and cause inappropriate
e.g. use a pen to write, when you were actually looking for something to stir your drink

Question 23

description errors

Answer 23

carry out an appropriate action on the wrong object
e.g putting cereal in the fridge not milk

Question 24

loss of motivation error

Answer 24

going into a room to get something and forgetting what it was

best way to deal with this is to retrace your steps