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Brain & behaviour > Lecture 1 - Revision of previous module contents > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Revision of previous module contents Flashcards

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1
Q 
Outline what...
• Rostral (anterior)
•Caudal (posterior)
•Lateral
•Medial
• Dorsal
•Ventral 
....means
A
  • Rostral (anterior) = in the front
  • Caudal (posterior) = at the back
  • Lateral = At the sides
  • Medial = in the middle
  • Dorsal = on the top
  • Ventral = on the bottom
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2
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system and what do they do?

A
  1. Peripheral Nervous System
    - gathers info from environment via sense
    - delivers info to muscles/ glands
  2. CNS
    - Consists of neurons from brain and spinal cord
    - processes information
    - issues instructions
    - relay neurons process information before sending it on
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3
Q

Outline Spinal & Cranial Nerves in the PNS

A
  1. Spinal Nerves
    - Incoming: afferent axons bring sensory info
    - Ougoing: efferent axons - motor commands to muscles/ glands
  2. 12 Cranial Nerves
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4
Q

Outline the somatic nervous system*****√

A

Part of the PNS - that regulates:

  1. Sensory information coming in
  2. Movements to muscles
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5
Q

Outline how somatic nervous system damage might affect you

A

Spinal Cord lesions means:

  1. Cant feel info coming in
  2. Cant send information to those areas
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6
Q

What does the Thalamus do?***

A

Its a relay station

  • receives lots of information and sends it to important parts of the brain
  • integrates sensory infor and sends to cortex
  • also receives information back from the cortex
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7
Q

What does the hypothalamus roughly do?

**√

A

Involved in lots of automatic stuff - links to ans (pns)

  • glands, sexual regulation, hormones
  • Communicates with parts of body, but also other parts of the brain
  • Motivational functions
  • regulation of bodily functions needed for survival of self and species (eating, thirst, sex, sleep, threat)
  • regulates pituitary output
  • important for the autonomic nervous system - as it regulates lots of muscles and glands
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8
Q

What are the 3 areas of the Midbrain/ Hindbrain

**√

A

Involved in arousal, sleep and activation of brain

  1. Mesencephalon
    - Reticular activating system
    - tectum
    - tegmentum
  2. Metencephalon - standing/ initiating movement
    - pons
    - cerebellum
    - RAS
  3. Myelencephalon - vital functions (cardiac, respiratory, muscle)
    - medulla oblongata
    - RAS
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9
Q

what brain area is the thalamus in?

A

Diencephalon

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10
Q

what brain area is the hypothalamus in?

A

Diencephalon

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11
Q

Outline Hypothalamus interacts with ANS

A

ANS is not under concious control

  • Hypothalamus controls fight and flight and uses two systems to enact it:
    1. Sympathetic and 2. Parasympathetic
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12
Q

Define ANS

***X

A
  • Part of the PNS that regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and glands
  • Not under concious control
  1. Sympathetic
    - mediates functions that accompany arousal
    - e.g. mouth gets dry
  2. Parasympathetic
    - mediates functions that occur during a relaxed state

Need both as long term stress can cause issues
- need to include parasympathetic gets involved

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13
Q

What abilities are included in information processing

**√

A
  1. Planning/ inhibition/ Problem solving/ attention
  2. Visuo-spatial abilities
  3. Perception
  4. Language
  5. Memory
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14
Q

What are the 4 parts of the telencephalon

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
  2. Parietal Lobe
  3. Occipital Lobe
  4. Temporal Lobe
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15
Q

What seperates the lobes?

A

Fissures and gyri seperate the lobes

- form these folds and fissures to increase surface area of the brain

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16
Q

Which hemisphere does what?

A

Left does more speech

Right does more visuospatial/ emotion

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17
Q

Outline Corpus Callosum

A

Large band of axons connects the 2 hemispheres

- slightly larger in women

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of folds

A
  1. Sulci - small grooves
    - Central sulcus between frontal and parietal
  2. Fissures - large grooves - lateral fissures between frontal and temporal
    - calcarine fissure (in occipital lobe)
  3. Gyri - Bulges between sulci and fissures
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19
Q

What are the 3 divisions of frontal lobes

**√

A
  1. Pre-motor area
    - Initiation of movement
    - implicated in parkinsons
  2. Primary Motor cortex
    - In front of PMA
    - Impulses
    - Control of movement of body
  3. PFC
    - higher cognitive functions - movement planning
    - control of movements, planning movements
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20
Q

Outs the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

A
  • Involves the frontal areas of the brain, espcially the prefontral cortex
  • Tests CONCEPT SHIFTING

So, participants are given a stack of cards, and one by one have to sort them into piles. But what they dont know is that there is a sorting rule: either sort by shape, by colour or by number. The participant doesnt know this, but after each card they get told if it was right or wrong. Quickly they figure out what the rule is. but soon, after following the rule they are told incorrect, the rule has changed - and participants need to realise this and figure out the new one.

  • Those with intact frontal lobes will change their sorting tactics, stop sorting the way they were and sort in a new way
  • Those with damaged frontal lobes cannot do this

SCORE LOW ON THIS TASK MIGHT INDICATE ISSUES

X - quite hard to understand

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21
Q

Outline Trial Making Test (TMT B)

A

Another Concept Shifting Test

Have a scattered map of letters and numbers

  • are told to follow either stream: alphabet, or numbers and find it on the map
  • then told to follow both simultaneously
  • A, 1, B, 2, C, 3 etc
  • need to have 2 strains
  • Those with frontal lobe damage wont be able to pass this:
    1. Make more errors
    2. Take longer to do it

X - cant use on really young kids who dont know alphabet etc, or people who cant are illiterate

22
Q

Outline Stroop test

A
  • Tests inhibition of automatic response
  • read out colour, not the word
  • this is an attention task - need to be able to suppress their automatic response
  • Those with frontal lobe damage would take longer to do this

X - again cant use on illiterate people

23
Q

Outline Tower of London/ Tower of Hannoi test

A

Examines Planning abilities

  • either 2D (on computer) or in physical
  • Asked to move balls in as few as possible steps from the initial start to eht goal state
  • Someone with frontal lobe impairement cant do this: cant plan moves well and cant inhibit automatic behaviour
  • Might be problems with initiation of movement
  • or didnt understand instructions
24
Q

Outline Phineas Gage

**

A

1848

  • Orbito-frontal lobes
  • Recovered by had personality change
  • was a friendly, religious man but began drinking, swearing
  • became: extravegent, rude, couldnt plan
  • damaged area had held personality traits
  • are these the areas that inhibit social norms? or ability to connect with others
25
Q

What symptoms would you experience if you had an orbitofrontal lobe tumour?

A

•Might become jocular (joking), disinhibited, apathetic, drowsy, impulsive, lack concern, distractable

  • Problems learning new information
26
Q

Outline the Orbitofronal cortex

******√

A 
On understide of frontal lobes at front bottom
- input from:
•VTA (pleasure) - Dopamine
•Amygdala (emotion)
•Medial Temporal Lobe (memory)
•Hypothalamus

This area keeps a lid on things - not too much pleasure etc

  • suppresses drives
  • if this area is damaged: people can become socially inappropriate
27
Q

Outline the initation of movement process

**X

A
  1. Visual Stimulus
  2. Prefrontal Cortex - plans for movement
  3. Premotor Cortex &
  4. Supplementary Motor area
  5. Primary Motor Cortex - combines all this info and activates muscles
28
Q

What is primary motor cortex used for?

A
  • initiation of movement

- gets input from: Secondary/ Frontal ASsociation Cortex

29
Q

What are the two structures in the Secondary/ Frontal Association Cortex

A
  1. Premotor Cortex

2. Supplementary Motor Cortex

30
Q

What are the inputs to the premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex
******√

A
  1. Prefrtonal cortex - planning, what is where in space, movement of objects
  2. Occipital lobe - view world around you, where limbs are in space
  3. Termporal lobe - auditory feedback helps make decisions about where something is
  4. Primary Somoatosensory Cortex - where is our body
  5. Thalamus - relays all this information
31
Q

Which 2 areas are important for modulating movement?

A
  1. Cerebellum

2. Basal Ganglia

32
Q

What are the components of the Basal Ganglia

A
  1. Caudate Nuclues
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus Pallidus (internal/ external)

Implicated in Parksinsons

33
Q

Where does Basal Ganglia gets input from and give output to?

******X

A

Input from:

  1. Cortex (primary motor cortex and sensory)
  2. Substantia Nigra (Dopamine) - implicated in parksinsons

Output to:

  1. Premotor Cortex, primary Motor cortex, Supplementary motor area (all this is via thalamus)
  2. immediately to motor nuclei in brain stem
    - can go straight there if automatic movements
34
Q

Outline Apraxia

A

Inability to execute learned movements due to neurological issues

Often related to stroke - loss of knowledge of how to execute the movement

35
Q

What are 2 broad types of Apraxia?

****** - which sides?

A
  1. Limb Apraxia (usually left side)
    - moving wrong part of limb, moving correct part in wrong way, or correct movements in wrong sequence
  2. Constructional Apraxia (right side)
    - Caused by lesions of right parietal
36
Q

Outline the parietal lobe

******X

A
  • Respond to sensory & spatial information
  • knowing where body is in space, following a map, reading, 3D vision, drawing, information, forming gestalts
  • Pain & touch sensation
  • Spatial Orientation (body in space)
  • perception
37
Q

Outline Constructional Apraxia

******√

A
  • inability to perceive geometric relations
  • Problems with:
    •Construction 2/3D
    •Map reading
    •Block design issues
  • Due to right parietal deficit - not always obvious so need to test for them - e.g. Copy this drawing of a 3D box
38
Q

Outline Clox 1 & 2 tests

A

A test which allows us to look at both:

  1. Visuospatial
  2. Executive functioning/ planning

Can the patient organise themselves and they just cant do visiospatial stuff or the opposite?

  • is it a frontal lobe or parietal lobe issue
  • e.g. some can get the relative elements of a clock right just draw it badly
39
Q

Outline occiptal lobes

contains 2 areas?*******

A
  • associated with vision
  • Perception of colour, lines motion etc
  • interpretation of visual information

Contains 2 areas:

  1. Primary Visual Cortex
  2. Visual association cortex
40
Q

Outline the Primary Visual Cortex

********X

A

Goes from striate cortex -> extrastriate cortex
Here it can go into 2 Streams:
1. Dorsal stream (top-right)
- where it is, how is it moving, what is it approximately
- Perception of: location, movement, colour
- goes from striate cortex to posterior parietal cortex

  1. Ventral Stream
    - What it is, fills in detail of what it is exactly
    - Complex object perception
    - goes from striate cortex to inferior temporal cortex
41
Q

What are the 2 forms of visual agnosia

******

A

Where analyses of form/ object is impaired damage to ventral stream

  1. Apperceptive Visual Agnosia
    - problem identifying objects
    - but can detect individual details and can read and recognise
    - e.g. prosopagnosia
  2. Associative visual agnosia
    - Cant recognise the objet just cant say what it is
    - can describe it but cannot label
42
Q

Outline Temporal Lobes

******XXX

A

Associated with: hearing, audition, visual perception, language comprehension, olfaction, emotion and learning

Has two areas:

  1. Primary Auditory Cortex
    - comprehension of sound
    - wernickes area
  2. Medial temporal cortex (contains hippocampus/ limbc structures)
    - memory formation
    - emotional/ sexual responses
43
Q

What are the areas of telencephalon

******XXXX

A
  1. Cerebral Cortex
    - 3mm thick, for cognition and movement control (divided in ‘lobes’)

Subcortical areas:

  1. Basal Ganglia (caudate nuclues, putame, globus pallidus)
    - coordinate and control movement
  2. Limbic system - motivation, emotion, memory
44
Q

What are the pleasure/ reward centres of the brain?

*******XXXXXX

A
  1. Ventrotegmental Area
    - associated with learning from fearand Dopamine
    - gets input from Nuclues Accumbens and amygdala (fear)
    - input from lateral Hypothalamus (feeding - leptin), sleep/ arousal (orexin) and reward)
  2. Nuclues Accumbens
    - gets input from VTA, Hippocampus (conditioning)
  3. Substantia Nigra (dopamine)
45
Q

What are the 4 types of learning?

**XXXXXXXXX

A
  1. Stimulus-Response learning
    - Requires Amygdala and Dopamine
  2. Motor Learning
    - following a motor response in sequence
    - involves sensory input
    - reqiures basal ganglia
  3. Perceptual Learning
    - Recognising complex visual or auditory stimuli
    - Associated with association cortex (inferior temporal) - visual stuff, associating stimuli together
    - Agnosia implicated here - cant recognise stuff
  4. Relational learning: explicit learning
    - Learning about relationships between stimuli
    - requires hippocampus
46
Q

What are the 2 types of dementia linked to temporal lobes

******XXX

A
  1. Alzheimers disease - medial temporal lobe
    - One of first areas damaged by Az, alongside Hippocampus
    - Anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia
    - tested with word lists, novel learning of faces and names
  2. Semantic Dementia - Lateral Temporal Lobe
    - Damage here leads to loss memory for facts
    - But Can recall episodic memory (personal memory)
47
Q

Outline the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test

****** - scoring√

A

read the participant a word list, with a second in between each one, dont change your intonation

  • ask them when you’re done to repeat back as many words as you can, in any order
  • tests episodic verbal memory
  • you do it 3 times and get an average
  • 3 categories: Animals, human shelter, precious stones
  • likely to get most on animals as you are exposed to this stuff from birth, but not to human shelter/ stones
  • There is also primacy and recency effects
  • under 14.5, something is wrong
  • above 19.5 you are definitely okay
  • in between here you get a mix of cases and okay

Tests for left hippocampal damage

48
Q

Outline the mini-mental state examination

A

Widely used dementia screening tests, asks about:

  1. Orientation
  2. Registration
  3. attention & Calculation
  4. Recall
  5. Language
  • If you get under 24, very likely to have dementia, espcially if under 20
  • 24-28: may still have dementia

X - highly educated dementia patients can get up to 28
X - might need to change cut off in illiterate or rural areas

Scoring:

  • 24-30 Uncertain Cognitive Impairement
  • 18-23 Mild to moderate impairement
  • Less than 17 - severe
49
Q

Outline the Paired Associated Learning Test

what does this look at? **XXX

A
  • Hippocampus Test (tests right hippocampal damage)
  • Shown a non-verbal stimuli
  • then other non-verbal stimuli pop up around the sides, have to click a button when yours pops up
  • dementia patients take much longer to noice their object flashing up - might take them several cycles
50
Q

Outline Boston Naming Test

examines?***

A
  • Naming test
  • shown loads of images and have to tell the researcher what the object is - its quite obscure objects
  • like the blinders that horses wear on the eyes
  • Tests semantic knowledge in dementia patients
  • X - not cross cultural at all so its rarely used - very obscure words
    X - late acquired words as well
51
Q

Outline The category fluency test

********

A
  • Another test of semantic knowledge (particularly frontal lobe)
  • Requires retrieval of info from LTM for semantic categories
  • e.g. please name any animals as you can
  • If dementia score low on this, and HVLT, indicates difficulties with PFC and frontal lobes
  • Theses areas also use memory

Brain & behaviour (11 decks)

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