Lecture 1: Research Methods & Personality Flashcards
Explain two important concepts in research and give 3 examples for each
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reliability = how consistent is the measure (does it give the same results every time)
- homogeneity/internal consistency: the extent to which all the items on a scale measure one construct
- stability: the consistency of results using an instrument with repeated testing
- equivalence: consistency among responses of multiple users of an instrument, or alternate forms of an instrument -
Validity = How accurate is the measure? (are we measuring what were supposed to measure)
- Content validity: The extent to which a research instrument accurately measures all aspects of a construct
- Construct validity: The extent to which a research instrument (or tool) measures the intended construct
- Criterion validity: The extent to which a research instrument predicts an outcome for another measure
what are the 5 dimensions of personality
extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience
explain the concept of mental toughness and what 4 factors it depends on
= a collection of values, attitudes, emotions, and cognitions that influence the way in which an individual approaches, responds to, and appraises demanding events to consistently achieve his or her goals
- hope
- optimism
- resilience
- perseverance
explain the difference between a closed skill sport and an open skill sport
closed skill = adapt performance based on the behavior of the opponent
open skill = unnecessary to do this
what does POMS stand for, what is the optimal POMS, what does that entail and why is it not optimal
POMS = profile of mood states
- iceberg profile: a successful performer has consistent tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion (around 45-50), and elevated vigour (of around 60)
- it does not predict performance very well
what are 5 approaches to personality
- psychodynamic; (un)conscious mental processes influence personality, defense mechanisms help people deal with their anxiety and modify their view on reality –> not used in sports much
- biological; genes/physiological factors are responsible for personality –> not very influential
-
humanistic; importance of personal growth and self-fulfilment and understanding subjective interpretation/perception, people are motivated towards self-actualization
- person-centered therapy is influential for sports –> awareness of perceptions, thoughts, attitudes - trait approaches; people have certain consistent ways of behaving (eg. trait anxiety), some traits may predict performance but not very well (-recognized)
- social-cognitive approaches; emphasis on cognitive processes in understanding characteristics/behavior
what are two personality traits believed to be influential on succes in sports/performance
neuroticism and conscientiousness
what are 4 typical personality assessment methods
- standardized inventories: question list to determine some feature(s) of personality –> can be helpful to get to know the client
- projective tests: responding to ambiguous stimuli which reveals aspects of personality, including things they’re not yet aware of/reluctant to discuss –> low validity
- behavioral observations: watching the athlete perform/behave/interact
- psychophysiological measurement: data about bodily functions –> can form basis for biofeedback (= learning to monitor/regulate bodily responses)
ideal performance state
= mental/physical conditions that allow the athlete to perform their best
what are the 3 traits of the dark triad
- machiavellianism = manipulative, lower levels of morality, focus on personal gain
- psychopathy = manipulative, impulsive, lack of remorse, lack of empathy
- narcissism = idealized image of self, lower level of empathy, attention-seeker, self-centered
what were the main results of the study done on narcissism in teams
teams with higher mean/maximum narcissism had poorer coordination/performance than teams with lower levels; higher team familiarity amplified these results
what are the 4 goals of sport psychology
- describe behavior; using certain specific definitions
- explain behavior; why something is the case, by using theories
- predict behavior; make hypotheses and use explanatory models
- change behavior; knowledge about cause-effect relationships allows for derivations for interventions of change
what 6 subdisciplines is sport psychology divided in
- cognitive psych; information processing
- motivational psych; motivations for behavior
- psych of emotions; description, explanation, prediction and change of emotions/feelings/moods
- psych of individual differences/personality
- developmental psych; changes in human experience and behavior over the life span
- social psych; analysis of experience/behavior in social contexts
