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Kin 2236 Athletic Injuries > Lecture 1: Protective Equipment > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Protective Equipment Flashcards

1
Q

What factors prevent athletic injuries?

A
  1. Design
    - to prevent injury
    - to prevent injured parts from further injury
  2. Proper fit
  3. Proper selection
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2
Q

Characteristics of protective equipment

A
  • simple to fit and maintain
  • durable and reliable
  • not extremely expensive
  • minimal functional interference
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3
Q

4 Principles of Protective Equipment

A

Deflection
Dissipation
Deformation
Absorption

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4
Q

Deflection

A

turning aside/off course

Properties that help deflect force from the body
- hard
- rounded
- smooth
- ridges

ex. helmets

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5
Q

Dissipation

A

Disperses focal force over a LARGER SURFACE

  • layers are needed
  • various materials (different densities) –> dissipate force especially over bony prominences

ex. shoulder pads (spread force to protect AC jt.)

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6
Q

Deformation

A

Change in shape or structure
- Cantilever shoulder pads –> deforms and force goes to belts

May blow apart at high force
- bike helmet –> ability to deform reduces after major collision

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7
Q

Absorption

A

Receives force without recoil

Materials: felt, foam (open + closed cell), air, fluid

Increased density = more resistance @ HIGH force (protection)

Decreased density = more absorption @ LOWER force (comfort –> avoid irritation)

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8
Q

Felt

A
  • less likely to shift or move over skin
  • absorbs fluids (sweat, blood) –> heavy when wet
  • not very resilient (stays compressed once compressed)
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9
Q

Open Cell Foam

A
  • like sponge
  • low-resilience: does NOT bounce back
  • used to pad bony prominences (elbows, shin, inside helmet)
  • used to protect skin under hard edges of protective equipment

decreased density = more absorption @ LOWER force

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10
Q

Closed Cell Foam

A

used primarily for PROTECTION

high resilience –> material rebounds and returns to original shape quickly
- offers less cushioning at low levels of impact
- not as comfortable close to skin

ex. football helmet

increased density = more resistance @ HIGHER force

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11
Q

What makes equipment fit?

A
  • molds to body part
  • allows function
  • allows for quick removal in emergencies
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12
Q

Fitting Helmets

A
  • wet hair
  • 1-2 finger widths above eyebrow
  • covers occiput and entire skull
  • mask should be 2-3 finger width from nose (good vision)
  • strap snug to chin (2 vs 4 point)
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13
Q

What can alter fit of a helmet?

A

Temperature
Hair length
Deterioration of internal padding
Loss of air

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14
Q

Shoulder Pads Fitting

A

inner padding covers shoulders (over AC jt.) and cups deltoid
- hockey has longer padding below delts

neck unrestrictive

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15
Q

Modifying equipment

A
  • modifications should be ONLY according to manufacturer’s specifications and should not alter fit
  • modifications should not increase stress or damage (NO drilling, cutting, slicing)
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16
Q

How to determine what equipment is best for a sport?

A

Think about
- biomechanics of body part
- outer surface “shell”
- inner surface “liner”
- method of attachment (strap, belt, ties)
- sport-specific design
- position-specific modifications
- what are you trying to protect against? ppl? projectiles?

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17
Q

Equipment protecting against people

A

Protecting agaisnt high mass/low velocity

  • hard, smooth outer shell w/ absorbing inner liners
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18
Q

Equipment protecting against projectiles

A

Protecting against low mass/high velocity

ex. puck, baseball

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19
Q

Football helmets

A

Protects against players - high mass/low velocity

  • hard, smooth outer shell w/ inner liners (air/closed cell)
  • different masks based on position
  • 2 or 4 point strap
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20
Q

Straps on helmet

A

Limit forward/backward tilting

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21
Q

Football shoulder pads

A

Protect shoulders and limit force to acromion

  • Shell of hard, smooth plastic (deflection)
  • Layers of soft padding under shell (dissipation, deformation, absorption)
22
Q

Hockey helmet

A

protects against ppl and pucks (high velocity/low mass + low velocity/high mass)

  • hard shell w/ high density (protection) inner layer
  • open (comfort) + closed cell (protect) foam combo
  • full cage or 1/2 visor
23
Q

Goalie mask

A

protects against puck (high velocity/low mass)

  • hard shell w/ ridges (deflection)
  • open and closed cell foam combo (absorption)
24
Q

Hockey shoulder pads

A
  • overlapping cup to protect clavicle and deltoid (dissipation)
  • chest portion usually felt/nylon/foam (absorption)
25
Q

Neck protectors

A

Purpose is to PREVENT THROAT LACERATIONS

  • usually soft cloth w/ Kevlar
  • minimal padding against low mass/high velocity projectiles
26
Q

Shin pads

A

Molded plastic to cover knees and shins (deflection/deformation)

Some articulation around knee (allows more freedom)

layered nylon/foam or felt lining (absorption)

27
Q

Baseball helmet

A

protects against low mass/high velocity (pitch)

  • hard round plastic (deflection)
  • protects from focal impact (dissipate and absorbs force)
28
Q

Baseball chest protector

A
  • Soft foam
  • heart guard – extra layers
29
Q

Baseball catcher’s mask

A
  • protection from ball and bat splinters

Conventional
- poor vision and jaw padding
- minimal ridges
- all force goes to chin or forehead –> does NOT bounce off

Hockey style
- better vision and protection (deflection)
- problems: hot, heavy, hard to flip off

30
Q

Lacrosse helmet

A

high velocity/low mass and low velocity/high mass

  • sits off crown of head
  • mask farther from face = increased visibility
  • visor peak for sun
31
Q

Lacrosse equipment

A

Shoulder pads
- similar to hockey = less AC protection
- increased arm range for stick work

Arm pads: protect length of arm from slash

Gloves: open palm
- wrist padding for greater movement = higher injury risk

32
Q

Bike/Skating Helmet

A
  • outer designed for one massive impact at high velocity (deformation)
  • foam inner lining (absorption/comfort)
  • peaked front and back to protect face and occiput
33
Q

Bike/Skating other equipment

A

Wrist guards
- rigid plastic over open cell foam
- deflects impact of FOOSH (fall out on outstretched hand) –> absorption

Knee/elbow pads
- soft open cell foam covered by hard plastic

34
Q

External Last

A

Shape
- form on which the shoe is constructed

Straight-lasted shoe vs curve-lasted shoe

35
Q

Curved last

A

for ppl w/ higher rigid arch

  • neutral –> STABILITY
  • medial deviation of forefoot
  • hollowed-out medial longitudinal arch
36
Q

Straight last

A

for ppl w/ flat feet or ppl who turn in too far too fast

  • stability –> MOTION CONTROL
  • solid plantar surface
  • extended midsole in medial longitudinal arch
  • increased base of support
37
Q

Internal last

A

Construction

interface btwn foot and midsole

  • can be board (more stable), slip (two halves sewn –> less stable) or a combination (less stable)
38
Q

Slip lasting

A
  • solid line of stitching down middle of shoe
  • increased flexibility
  • neutral or shoes that need flexibility
  • if foot does not absorb shock well

ex. soccer, climbing

39
Q

Board lasting

A
  • solid board stitched to upper of shoe
  • increased torsional resistance to pronation (SUPPORT)
  • better for orthotics
  • for ppl with very flat feet (very mobile) –> need stability
40
Q

Upper of shoe

A
  • all components above midsole
  • nylon, mesh, leather, synthetics
  • contains midfoot control technologies
  • confoms to bony abnormalities
41
Q

Midsole

A
  • between upper and outsole
  • shock absorption vs motion control
  • densities depend on sport and foot type
  • shoes that need better feel/ball control might not have a midsole (ex. soccer)

made of polyurethane, EVA or compressed EVA

42
Q

Polyurethane

A

Midsole material - PU (Skor bar)

  • controls heavier runners
  • MOTION CONTROL (stops foot rolling in)
  • dense –> Skor bar
43
Q

EVA

A

Midsole material (Aero bar)

  • lighter
  • when compressed, it has higher durability
  • SHOCK ABSORPTION
  • Aero chocolate bar (bubbles, light)
44
Q

Midsole shape

A

Tapered from heel to toe
Thickest part under heel

45
Q

Outsole

A
  • Protective layer on bottom
  • Protection, durability, flexibility, traction
  • Use of different rubbers and materials specific to sport
46
Q

Heel Counter

A
  • stiff material at back of shoe to resist ankle motion
  • more pronation needs stiffer heel counter
  • at the top of heel counter is ankle collar to protects/cushion ankle and Achilles
  • if too wide, fill with felt or heel cup (better than having it too tight in forefoot)
47
Q

Footwear Fit

A
  • fit larger foot on weight-bearing foot at the END of day
  • length should not be increased to accommodate width (will cause hyperextension)
  • to test width, place full weight on shoe. Push thimbs together over top of shoe and should produce RIPPLE
  • heel should be soft enough to absorb energy but not collapse under gait
  • shape of shoes (last) is straight, curved or semi-curved
    – rigid (cavus) foot needs curved last w/ cushioning
  • mobile (flat) foot needs straight last
48
Q

Fitting Heel to forefoot height

A
  • important w/ rigid cavus foot or forefoot pain
  • too high heel = more force on forefoot
  • lower heel = energy can be taken throughout foot

look for show w/ only a slight difference in height

49
Q

Neutral foot/high arch

A

Neutral cushioning (need Aero bar)

  • single density
  • thermoplastic heel counter
  • mild torsional rigidity
  • EVA (proprietary cushioning)
  • slip and curve lasted
  • used for “normal”, neutral asymptomatic population
50
Q

Mild Over-pronators

A

Stability shoes (need Skor bar)

  • thermoplastic heel counter
  • double density midsole
  • PU
  • moderate/extreme torsional rigidity
  • midfoot control (motion control)
  • curved last and board lasted
51
Q

Severe over-pronators/Flat Feet

A

Motion control shoe

  • thermoplastic heel counter
  • triple density midsole (LOTS of PU)
  • medial and laterally posted
  • extreme torsional rigidity
  • midfoot control (motion control)
  • straight lasted and board lasted

Kin 2236 Athletic Injuries (20 decks)

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