Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kin 2236 Athletic Injuries > (2) Lecture 10: Body Alignment 101 > Flashcards

(2) Lecture 10: Body Alignment 101 Flashcards

1
Q

Postural Evaluation

A
  • assess STATIC posture
  • observe ENTIRE body from all angles
  • significant variability = only obvious asymmetries should be considered
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sagittal plane movements

A

Flexion and extension

spine, shoulder, hip, knee, ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Coronal/Frontal plane movements

A

Side flexion, abduction, adduction and inversion/eversion

spine, shoulder, hip and ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Transverse plane movements

A

Internal and external rotation, pronation/supination

shoulders, hips, feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Basic Postural Observation

Sagittal Plane

A
  • think of straight/plumb line running down entire length of body

line should pass
- thru ear lobes
- thru body of cervical spine
- thru humeral head
- thru greater trochanter (PSIS slightly higher than ASIS b/c of lordosis)
- anterior to knee but posterior to patella
- anterior to malleolus of ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classic Postural Deviations in Sagittal Plane

A
  • forward head posture
  • forward rounded shoulders
  • kyphosis
  • lordosis
  • swayback
  • flatback
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Forward head posture

A

Seen in sagittal plane

  • ears in front of plumb line
  • chin pokes forward
  • extended upper C-spine + flexed lower C-spine
  • protracted scapulae
  • usually has forward rounded shoulders + possible kyphosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Forward rounded shoulders

A

Seen in sagittal plane

  • humeral head in front of plumb line (GH internal rotation)
  • tight pec minor
  • elongated/weak rhomboids + mid-trap
  • restricted scapular upward rotation + posterior tipping

Shoulder problem but caused all over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Kyphosis

A

Seen in sagittal plane

  • excessive THORACIC curve
  • tight pec major + minor (on front)
  • weak erector spinae, rhomboids and traps
  • protracted scapulae
  • associated w/ fwd head posture
  • increased C- spine extension to keep eyes level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lordosis

A

Seen in sagittal plane

  • more than 40 degrees of tilt
  • increased curve in LUMBAR spine
  • increase in anterior pelvic tilt
  • tight hip flexors + lumbar muscles
  • elongated/weak ab muscles + hams (functionally shortened but not actually)
  • shorter ROM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is a lordosis bad?

A

NO, we need lordosis to give spine curves a spring

Excessive lordosis is bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Swayback

A

Seen in sagittal plane

  • anterior shift of entire pelvis = hip extension
  • thoracic segment shifts posteriorly = flexion of thorax + kyphosis
  • tight hip extensors + lower lumbar extensors
  • weak hip + ab flexors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Flatback

A

Seen in sagittal plane

  • increased posterior pelvic tilt
  • decreased lumbar lordosis
  • tight hip extensors
  • weak/long hip flexors
  • poor postural sense
  • patient appears STOOPED FWD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Basic Postural Observation

Coronal Plane Posterior View

A
  • head/ears level
  • shoulders equal
  • scapulae equal
  • arms equal distance from body
  • hips equal (gluteal fold equal)
  • knee creases equal
  • malleoli equal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Basic Postural Observation

Coronal Plane Anterior View

A
  • head straight
  • eyes/ears level
  • shoulders (dominant side may be slightly lower)
    – acromion level
    – equal distance from body to arm
  • hips level (ASIS)
  • knees level and straight – facing fwd
  • malleoli equal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Scoliosis

A

Seen in coronal plane

Deformity in which there is one or more lateral curves of spine more than 10 degrees
- C or S curve
- may occur in thoracic, thoracolumbar or lumbar spine
- easily seen on X-ray
- rib hump is a hallmark sign of structural curve
- May be non-structural or structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Structural vs non-structural scoliosis

A

Non-structural: easier for rehab (can be reversed)

Structural: can’t be reversed (goal - slow down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Measuring Scoliosis

A
  • physician chooses most tilted vertebrae above and below apex of curve
  • angle btwn intersecting lines drawn perp is COBB ANGLE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Right thoracic curve

A

CONVEX to the right with apex in the thoracic spine
- curve is pointing to the right

90% of thoracic curves are to the right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Left thoracic curve

A
  • less common
  • should raise a RED FLAG

Causes
- chiari malfunctions
- spinal cord tumours
- neuromuscular disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Types of scoliolis

A

Non-structural scoliolosis and structural scoliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Non-structural scoliosis

A
  • NO bony deformity
  • not progressive
  • can be TREATED clinically
  • disappears on forward or side flexion

May be caused by
- postural problems (muscle spasm - tight on concave side + weak on convex)
- leg length discrepancy
- hip contracture (hip is tight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Structural scoliosis

A
  • bony deformity
  • may be progressive
  • hump present on fwd flexion (Adam’s Forward Bend Test)
  • vertebral bodies rotate to convexity of curve

May be caused by
- genetic problems
- congenital issues
- idiopathic (unknown cause)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Adam’s Forward Bend Test

A

A rib hump (rotational deformity) is a hallmark sign of a curve greater than 10 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Contributing factors of lower extremity overuse injuries

A
  1. Lower Chain Alignment
    - static
    - dynamic control (hip and knee)
  2. Foot - interface w/ ground
    - static: standing
    - dynamic: walking/running
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lower Chain Alignment

A
  • valgus
  • neutral
  • varus
27
Q

Valgus

A
  • knees go in together and feet apart
  • more force/compression on outside part of lower leg
  • lower chain alignment

force on outside of load bearing axis

28
Q

Neutral lower chain alignment

A

axis goes through middle of knee

29
Q

Varus

A
  • knees move apart and feet together
  • more force/compression on inside of lower leg
  • lower chain alignment

force on inside of load bearing axis

30
Q

Q-Angle

A
  • describes the axis formed by femur and tibia
  • greater Q angle = greater lateral pull on patella
  • Q angle > 20 degrees increase risk of instability of patellofemoral (PF) jt
  • can be a factor in PF pain syndrome, OA and ITB friction syndrome (varus)
31
Q

Medial Collapse Mechanism

A

Poor multi-plane lumbo-pelvic/pelvo-femoral control
- typically caused by weak glut medius

problems caused:
- hip adduction
- femoral internal rotation
- knee valgus

Changes femur under patella
- DECREASE in jt. contact area
- INCREASED jt. stress

32
Q

Normal knee motion

A

Knee flexion-extension
- happens btwn bottom of femur and top of menisci

Twisting motion
- happens btwn bottom of menisci and tibia

33
Q

Screw Home Mechanism

A

Rotation happens during last few degrees of extension b/c medial femoral condyle is larger than lateral
- planted foot = femur medially rotates
- fixed femur = tibia laterally rotates

Locks joint to increase stability (passive)
- regulates patellar alignment

POPLITEUS then contracts to externally rotate femur on the tiba to UNLOCK the knee (active movement)

34
Q

Foot arches

A
  • longitudinal arch
  • transverse arch
35
Q

Longitudinal arch

A

Medial longitudinal arch attached to spring ligament (plantar calcaneoclavicular lig) for support
- reinforced by tibialis posterior

Lateral longitudinal arch - lower and less flexible

36
Q

Foot types

A

Pes Planus
Pes Cavus

37
Q

Pes Planus

A

Flat Foot

  • decreased medial longitudinal arch height
  • associated with excessive PRONATION
38
Q

Pes Cavus

A

High arch

  • excessive (stiff/high) medial longitudinal arch
  • associated with SUPINATION
39
Q

Transverse arch

A
  • extends across TARSAL bones
  • provides protection to soft tissue and increases the foot’s mobility
40
Q

Plantar Fascia

A
  • attaches on metatarsal heads
  • starts from medial tubercle on plantar surface of calcaneus
  • travels towards toes as a solid band of tissue dividing just before metatarsal heads into 5 slips
  • ARCH SUPPORT + DYNAMIC SHOCK ABSORPTION
  • responsible for transferring weight from medial to lateral side of foot during gait cycle
41
Q

Plantar fascia during extension

A

When toes are extended, plantar fascia is functionally shortened as it wraps around metatarsal heads

Plantar fascia functions sort of like a muscle - has a DYNAMIC function

42
Q

Windlass Mechanism

A

Windlass: apparatus for moving heavy weights

Dorsiflexing toes w./ flat foot: plantar fascia pulled around MT heads = increase in arch height and weight transfers to lateral side

Heel lift/toes dorsiflex: tightening up plantar fascia

43
Q

Gait cycle

A

Classic gait terms:
heel strike - foot flat - midstance - heel off - toe off - midswing - heel strike

New gait terms
initial contact - loading response - mid stance - terminal stance - preswing - initial swing - mid-swing - terminal swing

44
Q

Look at pictures of gait cycle

A
45
Q

Walking Gait Cycle

A
  • 60% stance and 40% swing
  • weight bearing in Closed Kinetic Chain
  • initial contact + early loading = double contact
  • at mid-stance and terminal stance, body support by only a SINGLE limb
46
Q

When in gait cycle, is the body supported by a single limb?

A

Mid-stance and terminal stance

47
Q

When in gait cycle, is the body supported by both limbs?

A

Initial contact and early loading

48
Q

What is pronation?

A

impact ABSORPTION phase of gait

  • we either pronate too much, not enough (supinate) or just right
49
Q

When does pronation occur?

A

Pronation occurs as foot is LOADED to allow for shock absorption, ground terrain changes and equilibrium

Tibia rotates internally w/ talus and calcaneus and acts to convert torque
- affects screwhome mechanism (unlocks foot to distribute forces)

50
Q

Movements of pronation

A
  1. Eversion (transverse)
  2. Dorsiflexion (sagittal)
  3. Abduction (frontal)
51
Q

Movements of supination

A
  1. Inversion (transverse)
  2. Adduction (frontal)
  3. Plantar flexion (sagittal)
52
Q

Supination

A
  • mid-tarsal jts. are locked
  • foot is more stable for toe-off
  • allows you to use great amount of force to propel body
  • achieved with aid of CUBOID pulley
53
Q

Supination during movement

A
  • supination is needed to pull bones tight = makes foot a rigid lever and allows you to PUSH OFF

peroneus longus allows us to turn foot from a mobile adapter to a rigid lever

54
Q

What are supination and pronation paired with?

A

Supination + external rotation
Pronation + internal rotation

55
Q

Heel strike

A

Motion is pronation
Position is supination

To push off, you need rigid lever = re-supinate through pronated position

56
Q

Foot flat

A

As you transition from heel strike to foot flat, you need to move into pronation (floppy foot)
- convert torque and be a SHOCK absorber

57
Q

Stance phase

A

In pronated position but need to move into supination (rigid) by heel-off to propel yourself and push off

58
Q

Flat feet and gait control

A

Ppl with flat feet have trouble getting to neutral phase between midstance and propulsion
- trouble trying to push off with a floppy/pronated foot

59
Q

What kind of foot is floppy? Rigid?

A

Pronated foot = floppy
Supinated foot = rigid lever

60
Q

Gait Cycle Running

A

with running, there is NO simultaneous foot contact w/ the ground

  • at heel strike, foot acts as a shock absorber and adapts to surface
  • foot is rigid lever at toe off

Runners
- 80% lateral heel strike
- sprinters forefoot strike

61
Q

Role of Pronation in Gait Cycle

A

Foot function: MOBILE ADAPTER

Foot structure: lowered arches looser jts

Gait phase: just after heel strike to foot flat (weight acceptance/shock absorber)

62
Q

Role of Supination in Gait Cycle

A

Foot function: RIGID LEVER

Foot structure: heightened arches, tighter jts (locks jts)

Gait phase: short period at heel strike and foot flat to toe off (push off)

63
Q

Excessive Pronation

A
  • over pronation at SUBTALAR jt = internal rotation of tibia and delayed re-supination
  • affects screw-home mechanism b/c tibia doesn’t externally rotate
  • femur MUST internally rorate more to get to extension
  • cause of patellar tracking issues
64
Q

Primary result of lower limb static + dynamic issues

A

Change in pressure distribution:
1. At the articulation of the bones
- could be at the jt. with faulty mechanics
- at the jt. above or below problem

  1. In surrounding soft tissues

Pain is secondary

Kin 2236 Athletic Injuries (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions