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BMS 590- Gross Anatomy > Lecture 1- Orientation to Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Orientation to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical plane- median

A

right and left divisions, longitudinally through body ; midline

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2
Q

anatomical plane-frontal (coronal)

A

anterior and posterior; fright angle to median plane

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3
Q

anatomical plane- transverse (axial

A

superior and inferior, ; transaxial

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4
Q

viscera

A

internal organs

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5
Q

integumentary system

A

dermatology, consist of the skin and it’s appendages- hair,nails, sweat glands and the subcutaneous tissue beneath it. forms the body’s outer, protective covering

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6
Q

skeletal system

A

osteology, bones and cartilage; protects organs and where the muscular system is based on

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7
Q

articular system

A

arthrology; consist of joints and their associated ligaments, connecting bony parts of skeletal system

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8
Q

muscular system

A

myology; move or position parts of the body ; controls, propels fluids in the body

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9
Q

nervous system

A

neurology; contains CNS and PNS

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10
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves and ganglia, together with they rotor and sensory endings

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12
Q

digestive system syn

A

alimentary

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13
Q

axillary fossa

A

armpit

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14
Q

clavicle

A

collarbone

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15
Q

supine

A

lying on their backs, face upward

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16
Q

prone position

A

face downward

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17
Q

anatomical position

A

refers to body position of person standing upright; head, gaze, toes anteriorly; palms anteriorly

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18
Q

oblique

A

slices of the body or any of its parts that are not any of the others

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19
Q

superficial

A

nearer to surfaces

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20
Q

palmer vs dorsum

A

anterior -palmer (plantar) vs posterior dorsum

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21
Q

intermediate

A

between superficial and deep structure

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22
Q

deep

A

furthest from the surface

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23
Q

medial

A

nearest the median plane

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24
Q

lateral

A

farthest from median plane

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25
Q

proximal

A

nearest to origin

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26
Q

distal

A

furthest from origin

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27
Q

posterior

A

dorsal; nearer to back

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28
Q

anterior

A

nearer to front, ventral

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29
Q

inferior

A

caudal; nearer to feet

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30
Q

ipsilateral

A

something occurring on the sam side of the body as another structure

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31
Q

contralateral

A

occurring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure

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32
Q

flexion vs. extension

A

flexion- decreasing the angle between the bones extension- increasing the angle between eh bones or parts of body

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33
Q

elevation vs. depression

A

raise to sky vs. press towards floor

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34
Q

protrusion vs. retrusion

A

= protraction vs retraction

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35
Q

pronation and supination

A

rotational movements ;rotates the radius medially so that the palm of hand faces posteriorly and do sum faces anteriorly

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36
Q

eversion

A

moves the sole of the foot away from median plane, turning laterally

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37
Q

inversion

A

moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane

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38
Q

components and content of the epidermis

A

superficial layer (tough), basal layer (regenerative and pigmented), no blood vessels or nerve endings

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39
Q

components and content of the dermis layer

A

collagen and elastic fibers, hair follicles, smooth arrestor muscles and sebaceous glands, blood vessels and cutaneous nerve terminals

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40
Q

components and content of the subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)

A

loose connective tissue and stored fat, sweat glands, superficial blood vessels and cutaneous nerves ; superficial facia ; thermoreg

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41
Q

components and content of the deep fascia

A

dense connective tissue, devoid of fat, covers and invest deep structures

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42
Q

skin ligaments

A

fibrous bands, attach dermis to deep fascia

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43
Q

skin appear blue

A

cyanotic

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44
Q

leads to less scaring

A

incisions along the tension lines, interrupt less collagen fibers

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45
Q

fascias

A

wrapping packing, insulating and compartmentalizing materials of the deep structures of the body.

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46
Q

deep fascia

A

dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, that covered most of the body parallel to the skin

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47
Q

bursae

A

closed sacs or envelopes of serous membrane ; occurring in places subject to friction

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48
Q

serous membrane

A

delicate connective tissue that secrets fluid to lubricate smooth surfaces

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49
Q

subcutaneous bursae

A

between skin and bony prominences (elbow)

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50
Q

subtendinous bursae

A

between tendon and bone (glenohumeral joint)

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51
Q

visceral layer

A

one closest to the fist when punch a balloon

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52
Q

parietal layer

A

the outside layer when one punches a balloon

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53
Q

axial skeleton

A

head, neck and trunk

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54
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

consists of th ebonies of the limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles

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55
Q

cartilage

A

semi-rigid connective tissue, present at flexible spots

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56
Q

bone

A

hard connective tissue involved in body support and movement organ protection , salt storage (Ca) and blood cells production

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57
Q

condyle

A

rounded, articular area

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58
Q

crest

A

ridge of bone

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59
Q

foramen

A

passage through a bone

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60
Q

fossa

A

hollow or depressed area

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61
Q

groove

A

elongated depression or furrow

62
Q

notch

A

indentation at the end of a bone

63
Q

protuberance

A

projection of bone

64
Q

spine

A

thorn like process

65
Q

spinous process

A

projecting spine like part of a bone

66
Q

tubercle

A

small raised eminence

67
Q

tuberosity

A

large rounded elevation

68
Q

types of bone

A

long (tubular): humerus; short (cuboidal)- carpus; flat- cranium; irregular: face bones; sesamoid (patella

69
Q

joint types

A

synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous

70
Q

synovial joint

A

united by joint capsule (knee) ; involved in locomotion

71
Q

fibrous joint

A

united by fibrous tissue

72
Q

sutures of cranium

A

united by short ligaments

73
Q

syndesmoisis

A

united by sheet of fibrous tissue; interosseous- membrane of forearm, dentoalveolar (where the tooth goes into the socket)

74
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

united by fibrocartilage

75
Q

extrinsic

A

separate from joint capsule

76
Q

intrinsic

A

thickening of joint capsule

77
Q

synovial joint types

A

plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket,pivot

78
Q

plane joint

A

synovial; gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surface (acromioclavicular)

79
Q

hinge joint

A

synovial; flexion and extension only (elbow)

80
Q

saddle joint

A

permit abduction and adduction and flexion and extension (carpometacarpal). Biaxial

81
Q

condyloid

A

permit abduction and adduction and flexion and extension (metacarpophalangeal); less frontal movement than saddle joints. biaxial

82
Q

ball and socket joint

A

synovial; flexion and extension abduction, and adduction, medial, and lateral rotation and circumduction (hip). and multi-axial

83
Q

pivot joint

A

synovial rotation around central axis. uniaxial ; rounded process of bone rotates within a sleeve or ring

84
Q

arthoscopy

A

examination of synovial joints through insertion of an arthoscope

85
Q

accessory ligaments

A

reinforces synovial joints ; either seperate (extrinsic) or are thickening of a portion of the joint capsule (intrinsic)

86
Q

anastomost

A

communicate

87
Q

somatic vs vscera

A

made up of body wall vs. makes up organs

88
Q

three muscle types

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

89
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, attatches to skeleton and fascia of limbs, large long, unbranched, arranged parallel, voluntary

90
Q

cardiac muscle

A

myocardium, brancingshorter fibers with transverse striations, strong quick rhythmic contraction, involuntary

91
Q

smooth unstriated muscle

A

walls of hallow viscera and blood vessels involuntary

92
Q

muscle shape: flat

A

parallele fibers (external oblique)

93
Q

muscle shape: pennate

A

feather-like (deltoid)

94
Q

muscle shape: fusiform

A

round thick belly and tapered ends (biceps brachia)

95
Q

muscle shape: convergent

A

from broad area to form a single tendon (pectorals major)

96
Q

muscle shape: quadrate

A

4 equal sides (rectus abdomens)

97
Q

muscle shape: circular or sphincteral

A

surround body opening or orifice (orbicular is oculi)

98
Q

muscle shape: multi headed or multi bellied

A

more than one attachment and more than one belly

99
Q

pulmonary vascular circuit of CVS

A

R. ventricle to L atrium

100
Q

Systematic vascular circuits of the CVS

A

from L ventricle to R atrium

101
Q

arteries

A

carry blood under relatively high pressure from the heart to the rest of the odd

102
Q

large elastic aa

A

receive cardiac output, minimizing the ebb in BP as the heart contracts and relaxes

103
Q

medium musular aa

A

regulate blood flow to different parts of the body as needed (activity, thermoregulation)

104
Q

small aa and arterioles

A

regulate level of arterial pressure. not generally identified during dissections

105
Q

veins (vv)

A

return blood to the heart

106
Q

venules

A

drain capillary beds and form small vv.

107
Q

small vv

A

tributaries of larger vv. that unite to form venous plexuses

108
Q

medium vv.

A

drain venouse plexuses and accompany medium aa. contain venous valves, preventing blood back flow

109
Q

large vv.

A

return blood to the heart (superior vena cava)

110
Q

anastomoses

A

communications between multiple branches of an a. prevent the occlusion of one branch affect the supplied tissue, providing collateral circulation

111
Q

true terminal aa

A

aa lacking anastomoses with adjacent aa. example: blood supply to retna where occlusion leads to blindness

112
Q

capillaries and capillary beds

A

capillaries are endothelial tubes connecting arterial and venous sides and are typically arranged in capillary beds, which ar networks connecting arterial and venous sides. capillaries allow the exchange of materials with the ECF

113
Q

portal venous system:

A

a venous sstem connecting 2 capillary beds. (ex.)hepatic portal system

114
Q

Lymphoid system

A

drain surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the bloodstream, and removal of debris from cellular decomposition & infection. As much as 3L/day fails to be reabsorbed by blood capillaries

115
Q

Lymphatic plexuses

A

network of lymphatic capillaries, originating in the extracellular spaces. Permeable to tissue fluid, plasma proteins, bacteria, cellular debris, and whole cells (especially lymphocytes)

116
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

network of vessels with lymphatic valves, occurring in the whole body, except in: teeth, bone, bone marrow, and entire CNS (excess fluid drains in CSF)

117
Q

Lymph

A

fluid contained in the lymphatic vessels, similar in composition to blood plasma

118
Q

Lymph nodes

A

small masses of lymphatic tissue located along lymphatic vessels that filter lymph on its way to venous system

119
Q

Lymphocytes

A

circulating cells of the immune system

120
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

parts of the body that produce lymphocytes (e.g. thymus, bone marrow, spleen, tonsils)

121
Q

Superficial lymphatic vessels

A

in the subcutaneous tissue, drain into deep lymphatic vessels

122
Q

Deep lymphatic vessels

A

drain internal organs and accompany aa.
Right lymphatic duct: drains body right upper quadrant
Thoracic duct: drains rest of body

123
Q

NS

A

receive and integrates internal and external stimuli
Controls and regulates various activities in the body
Allows the body to adapt to continuous internal and external changes

124
Q

Structure of NS

A

Central nervous system (CNS): brain & spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS): NS outside the CNS

125
Q

neurons

A

composed of cell body, dendrites, and axons. Specialized for rapid conduction of information

126
Q

Multipolar motor neurons

A

: consist of dendritic tree and single axon, with one or more branches. E.g. neurons controlling skeletal muscle and the ANS

127
Q

Pseudounipolar sensory neurons

A

derived from the cell body a single process divides into a peripheral and central processes. Peripheral (receptor organ  cell body), Central (cell body  CNS). These neurons’ cell bodies are located in sensory ganglia in the PNS

128
Q

Neuroglia (glial cells)

A

Neuroglia

129
Q

CNS components:

A

Nucleus: collection of cell bodies in the CNS
Tract: bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in the CNS
Gray matter: formed by the cell bodies
White matter: formed by the interconnecting fiber tracts (axons)
Meninges: pia, arachnoid, and dura mater
`

130
Q

PNS

A

Comprised of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS

131
Q

PNS components

A

Nerve:
Bundle of nerve fibers or bundle of bundled fibers (fascicle)
Connective tissue surrounding and binding nerve fibers or bundles together (endoneurium  fibers; perineurium fascicle ; epineurium  nerve)
Vasa nervorum: blood vessels nourishing the nerve and its covering
Ganglion: collection of cell bodies outside the CNS

132
Q

Cranial nerves

A

exit cranial cavity through foramina in pairs. Identified by Roman numeral or descriptive name (e.g. CN IV or Trochlear nerve)

133
Q

spinal nerves

A

exit vertebral column through intervertebral foramina in pairs. Identified by a letter and number (e.g. T4), designating the region of the spinal cord and superior-to-inferior order

134
Q

Anterior nerve root:

A

motor (efferent) fibers from CNS to peripheral organs

135
Q

Posterior nerve root

A

sensory (afferent) fibers coming from peripheral receptors and extending centrally to the CNS

136
Q

Anterior primary rami

A

supply the anterior & lateral areas of the trunk and upper & lower limbs.
In the trunk, generally innervate muscles and skin in a segmental pattern.
In the limbs, nerves merge to form plexuses.

137
Q

Posterior primary rami

A

supply synovial joint of vertebral column, deep muscles of back, and skin in a segmental pattern. Do not form plexuses

138
Q

Dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve

139
Q

Myotome

A

muscle mass innervated by a single spinal nerve

140
Q

General sensory fibers [general somatic afferent (GSA) fibers

A

transmit sensation from body to CNS

141
Q

General motor fiber [general somatic efferent (GSE) fibers

A

transmit impulses to skeletal muscles

142
Q

Visceral sensory fibers [general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers]

A

transmit sensation from organs & blood vessels to CNS

143
Q

Visceral motor fibers [general visceral efferent (GVE) fibers

A

transmit impulses to smooth muscle and glandular tissue

144
Q

Presynaptic (preganglionic) neuron

A

located in gray matter of CNS, and synapses onto the postsynaptic neuron

145
Q

Postsynaptic (postganglionic) neurons

A

located outside CNS in autonomic ganglia, and synapses on effector organ

146
Q

differens in sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

SP secretes NE; PSP secretes Ach

147
Q

Presynaptic cell bodies:

A

located in the intermediolateral cell columns (IMLs) of the spinal cord. Relatively short compared to postsynaptic neurons

148
Q

Postsynaptic cell bodies: located in

A

Paravertebral ganglia: linked to form R & L sympathetic trunks on each side of the vertebral column, and extend the length of it
Prevertebral ganglia: in the plexuses surrounding the origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta

149
Q

White rami communicantes:

A

passage of axons of presynaptic neurons from the anterior rami of spinal nerves  sympathetic trunk

150
Q

Gray rami communicantes

A

passage of axons of the postsynaptic neurons from the sympathetic trunk  anterior rami of spinal nerves

151
Q

Presynaptic cell bodies: located in

A

In the gray matter of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X

In the gray matter of sacral segments S2-4

152
Q

Visceral sensation

A

Usually at the unconscious level
Provide information regarding the body’s internal environment
Integration of this information by the CNS, triggers visceral or somatic reflexes
Visceral sensation at a conscious level is usually perceived as poorly localized pain

BMS 590- Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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