Lecture 1- Orientation to Anatomy Flashcards
anatomical plane- median
right and left divisions, longitudinally through body ; midline
anatomical plane-frontal (coronal)
anterior and posterior; fright angle to median plane
anatomical plane- transverse (axial
superior and inferior, ; transaxial
viscera
internal organs
integumentary system
dermatology, consist of the skin and it’s appendages- hair,nails, sweat glands and the subcutaneous tissue beneath it. forms the body’s outer, protective covering
skeletal system
osteology, bones and cartilage; protects organs and where the muscular system is based on
articular system
arthrology; consist of joints and their associated ligaments, connecting bony parts of skeletal system
muscular system
myology; move or position parts of the body ; controls, propels fluids in the body
nervous system
neurology; contains CNS and PNS
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
nerves and ganglia, together with they rotor and sensory endings
digestive system syn
alimentary
axillary fossa
armpit
clavicle
collarbone
supine
lying on their backs, face upward
prone position
face downward
anatomical position
refers to body position of person standing upright; head, gaze, toes anteriorly; palms anteriorly
oblique
slices of the body or any of its parts that are not any of the others
superficial
nearer to surfaces
palmer vs dorsum
anterior -palmer (plantar) vs posterior dorsum
intermediate
between superficial and deep structure
deep
furthest from the surface
medial
nearest the median plane
lateral
farthest from median plane
proximal
nearest to origin
distal
furthest from origin
posterior
dorsal; nearer to back
anterior
nearer to front, ventral
inferior
caudal; nearer to feet
ipsilateral
something occurring on the sam side of the body as another structure
contralateral
occurring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure
flexion vs. extension
flexion- decreasing the angle between the bones extension- increasing the angle between eh bones or parts of body
elevation vs. depression
raise to sky vs. press towards floor
protrusion vs. retrusion
= protraction vs retraction
pronation and supination
rotational movements ;rotates the radius medially so that the palm of hand faces posteriorly and do sum faces anteriorly
eversion
moves the sole of the foot away from median plane, turning laterally
inversion
moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane
components and content of the epidermis
superficial layer (tough), basal layer (regenerative and pigmented), no blood vessels or nerve endings
components and content of the dermis layer
collagen and elastic fibers, hair follicles, smooth arrestor muscles and sebaceous glands, blood vessels and cutaneous nerve terminals
components and content of the subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
loose connective tissue and stored fat, sweat glands, superficial blood vessels and cutaneous nerves ; superficial facia ; thermoreg
components and content of the deep fascia
dense connective tissue, devoid of fat, covers and invest deep structures
skin ligaments
fibrous bands, attach dermis to deep fascia
skin appear blue
cyanotic
leads to less scaring
incisions along the tension lines, interrupt less collagen fibers
fascias
wrapping packing, insulating and compartmentalizing materials of the deep structures of the body.
deep fascia
dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, that covered most of the body parallel to the skin
bursae
closed sacs or envelopes of serous membrane ; occurring in places subject to friction
serous membrane
delicate connective tissue that secrets fluid to lubricate smooth surfaces
subcutaneous bursae
between skin and bony prominences (elbow)
subtendinous bursae
between tendon and bone (glenohumeral joint)
visceral layer
one closest to the fist when punch a balloon
parietal layer
the outside layer when one punches a balloon
axial skeleton
head, neck and trunk
appendicular skeleton
consists of th ebonies of the limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles
cartilage
semi-rigid connective tissue, present at flexible spots
bone
hard connective tissue involved in body support and movement organ protection , salt storage (Ca) and blood cells production
condyle
rounded, articular area
crest
ridge of bone
foramen
passage through a bone
fossa
hollow or depressed area
groove
elongated depression or furrow
notch
indentation at the end of a bone
protuberance
projection of bone
spine
thorn like process
spinous process
projecting spine like part of a bone
tubercle
small raised eminence
tuberosity
large rounded elevation
types of bone
long (tubular): humerus; short (cuboidal)- carpus; flat- cranium; irregular: face bones; sesamoid (patella
joint types
synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous
synovial joint
united by joint capsule (knee) ; involved in locomotion
fibrous joint
united by fibrous tissue
sutures of cranium
united by short ligaments
syndesmoisis
united by sheet of fibrous tissue; interosseous- membrane of forearm, dentoalveolar (where the tooth goes into the socket)
cartilaginous joint
united by fibrocartilage
extrinsic
separate from joint capsule
intrinsic
thickening of joint capsule
synovial joint types
plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket,pivot
plane joint
synovial; gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surface (acromioclavicular)
hinge joint
synovial; flexion and extension only (elbow)
saddle joint
permit abduction and adduction and flexion and extension (carpometacarpal). Biaxial
condyloid
permit abduction and adduction and flexion and extension (metacarpophalangeal); less frontal movement than saddle joints. biaxial
ball and socket joint
synovial; flexion and extension abduction, and adduction, medial, and lateral rotation and circumduction (hip). and multi-axial
pivot joint
synovial rotation around central axis. uniaxial ; rounded process of bone rotates within a sleeve or ring
arthoscopy
examination of synovial joints through insertion of an arthoscope
accessory ligaments
reinforces synovial joints ; either seperate (extrinsic) or are thickening of a portion of the joint capsule (intrinsic)
anastomost
communicate
somatic vs vscera
made up of body wall vs. makes up organs
three muscle types
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
skeletal muscle
striated, attatches to skeleton and fascia of limbs, large long, unbranched, arranged parallel, voluntary
cardiac muscle
myocardium, brancingshorter fibers with transverse striations, strong quick rhythmic contraction, involuntary
smooth unstriated muscle
walls of hallow viscera and blood vessels involuntary
muscle shape: flat
parallele fibers (external oblique)
muscle shape: pennate
feather-like (deltoid)
muscle shape: fusiform
round thick belly and tapered ends (biceps brachia)
muscle shape: convergent
from broad area to form a single tendon (pectorals major)
muscle shape: quadrate
4 equal sides (rectus abdomens)
muscle shape: circular or sphincteral
surround body opening or orifice (orbicular is oculi)
muscle shape: multi headed or multi bellied
more than one attachment and more than one belly
pulmonary vascular circuit of CVS
R. ventricle to L atrium
Systematic vascular circuits of the CVS
from L ventricle to R atrium
arteries
carry blood under relatively high pressure from the heart to the rest of the odd
large elastic aa
receive cardiac output, minimizing the ebb in BP as the heart contracts and relaxes
medium musular aa
regulate blood flow to different parts of the body as needed (activity, thermoregulation)
small aa and arterioles
regulate level of arterial pressure. not generally identified during dissections
veins (vv)
return blood to the heart
venules
drain capillary beds and form small vv.
small vv
tributaries of larger vv. that unite to form venous plexuses
medium vv.
drain venouse plexuses and accompany medium aa. contain venous valves, preventing blood back flow
large vv.
return blood to the heart (superior vena cava)
anastomoses
communications between multiple branches of an a. prevent the occlusion of one branch affect the supplied tissue, providing collateral circulation
true terminal aa
aa lacking anastomoses with adjacent aa. example: blood supply to retna where occlusion leads to blindness
capillaries and capillary beds
capillaries are endothelial tubes connecting arterial and venous sides and are typically arranged in capillary beds, which ar networks connecting arterial and venous sides. capillaries allow the exchange of materials with the ECF
portal venous system:
a venous sstem connecting 2 capillary beds. (ex.)hepatic portal system
Lymphoid system
drain surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the bloodstream, and removal of debris from cellular decomposition & infection. As much as 3L/day fails to be reabsorbed by blood capillaries
Lymphatic plexuses
network of lymphatic capillaries, originating in the extracellular spaces. Permeable to tissue fluid, plasma proteins, bacteria, cellular debris, and whole cells (especially lymphocytes)
Lymphatic vessels
network of vessels with lymphatic valves, occurring in the whole body, except in: teeth, bone, bone marrow, and entire CNS (excess fluid drains in CSF)
Lymph
fluid contained in the lymphatic vessels, similar in composition to blood plasma
Lymph nodes
small masses of lymphatic tissue located along lymphatic vessels that filter lymph on its way to venous system
Lymphocytes
circulating cells of the immune system
Lymphoid organs
parts of the body that produce lymphocytes (e.g. thymus, bone marrow, spleen, tonsils)
Superficial lymphatic vessels
in the subcutaneous tissue, drain into deep lymphatic vessels
Deep lymphatic vessels
drain internal organs and accompany aa.
Right lymphatic duct: drains body right upper quadrant
Thoracic duct: drains rest of body
NS
receive and integrates internal and external stimuli
Controls and regulates various activities in the body
Allows the body to adapt to continuous internal and external changes
Structure of NS
Central nervous system (CNS): brain & spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS): NS outside the CNS
neurons
composed of cell body, dendrites, and axons. Specialized for rapid conduction of information
Multipolar motor neurons
: consist of dendritic tree and single axon, with one or more branches. E.g. neurons controlling skeletal muscle and the ANS
Pseudounipolar sensory neurons
derived from the cell body a single process divides into a peripheral and central processes. Peripheral (receptor organ cell body), Central (cell body CNS). These neurons’ cell bodies are located in sensory ganglia in the PNS
Neuroglia (glial cells)
Neuroglia
CNS components:
Nucleus: collection of cell bodies in the CNS
Tract: bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in the CNS
Gray matter: formed by the cell bodies
White matter: formed by the interconnecting fiber tracts (axons)
Meninges: pia, arachnoid, and dura mater
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PNS
Comprised of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS
PNS components
Nerve:
Bundle of nerve fibers or bundle of bundled fibers (fascicle)
Connective tissue surrounding and binding nerve fibers or bundles together (endoneurium fibers; perineurium fascicle ; epineurium nerve)
Vasa nervorum: blood vessels nourishing the nerve and its covering
Ganglion: collection of cell bodies outside the CNS
Cranial nerves
exit cranial cavity through foramina in pairs. Identified by Roman numeral or descriptive name (e.g. CN IV or Trochlear nerve)
spinal nerves
exit vertebral column through intervertebral foramina in pairs. Identified by a letter and number (e.g. T4), designating the region of the spinal cord and superior-to-inferior order
Anterior nerve root:
motor (efferent) fibers from CNS to peripheral organs
Posterior nerve root
sensory (afferent) fibers coming from peripheral receptors and extending centrally to the CNS
Anterior primary rami
supply the anterior & lateral areas of the trunk and upper & lower limbs.
In the trunk, generally innervate muscles and skin in a segmental pattern.
In the limbs, nerves merge to form plexuses.
Posterior primary rami
supply synovial joint of vertebral column, deep muscles of back, and skin in a segmental pattern. Do not form plexuses
Dermatome
area of skin innervated by sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve
Myotome
muscle mass innervated by a single spinal nerve
General sensory fibers [general somatic afferent (GSA) fibers
transmit sensation from body to CNS
General motor fiber [general somatic efferent (GSE) fibers
transmit impulses to skeletal muscles
Visceral sensory fibers [general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers]
transmit sensation from organs & blood vessels to CNS
Visceral motor fibers [general visceral efferent (GVE) fibers
transmit impulses to smooth muscle and glandular tissue
Presynaptic (preganglionic) neuron
located in gray matter of CNS, and synapses onto the postsynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic (postganglionic) neurons
located outside CNS in autonomic ganglia, and synapses on effector organ
differens in sympathetic and parasympathetic
SP secretes NE; PSP secretes Ach
Presynaptic cell bodies:
located in the intermediolateral cell columns (IMLs) of the spinal cord. Relatively short compared to postsynaptic neurons
Postsynaptic cell bodies: located in
Paravertebral ganglia: linked to form R & L sympathetic trunks on each side of the vertebral column, and extend the length of it
Prevertebral ganglia: in the plexuses surrounding the origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta
White rami communicantes:
passage of axons of presynaptic neurons from the anterior rami of spinal nerves sympathetic trunk
Gray rami communicantes
passage of axons of the postsynaptic neurons from the sympathetic trunk anterior rami of spinal nerves
Presynaptic cell bodies: located in
In the gray matter of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X
In the gray matter of sacral segments S2-4
Visceral sensation
Usually at the unconscious level
Provide information regarding the body’s internal environment
Integration of this information by the CNS, triggers visceral or somatic reflexes
Visceral sensation at a conscious level is usually perceived as poorly localized pain
