Lecture 1- Orientation to Anatomy Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
anatomical plane- median
A
right and left divisions, longitudinally through body ; midline
2
Q
anatomical plane-frontal (coronal)
A
anterior and posterior; fright angle to median plane
3
Q
anatomical plane- transverse (axial
A
superior and inferior, ; transaxial
4
Q
viscera
A
internal organs
5
Q
integumentary system
A
dermatology, consist of the skin and it’s appendages- hair,nails, sweat glands and the subcutaneous tissue beneath it. forms the body’s outer, protective covering
6
Q
skeletal system
A
osteology, bones and cartilage; protects organs and where the muscular system is based on
7
Q
articular system
A
arthrology; consist of joints and their associated ligaments, connecting bony parts of skeletal system
8
Q
muscular system
A
myology; move or position parts of the body ; controls, propels fluids in the body
9
Q
nervous system
A
neurology; contains CNS and PNS
10
Q
central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord
11
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
nerves and ganglia, together with they rotor and sensory endings
12
Q
digestive system syn
A
alimentary
13
Q
axillary fossa
A
armpit
14
Q
clavicle
A
collarbone
15
Q
supine
A
lying on their backs, face upward
16
Q
prone position
A
face downward
17
Q
anatomical position
A
refers to body position of person standing upright; head, gaze, toes anteriorly; palms anteriorly
18
Q
oblique
A
slices of the body or any of its parts that are not any of the others
19
Q
superficial
A
nearer to surfaces
20
Q
palmer vs dorsum
A
anterior -palmer (plantar) vs posterior dorsum
21
Q
intermediate
A
between superficial and deep structure
22
Q
deep
A
furthest from the surface
23
Q
medial
A
nearest the median plane
24
Q
lateral
A
farthest from median plane
25
proximal
nearest to origin
26
distal
furthest from origin
27
posterior
dorsal; nearer to back
28
anterior
nearer to front, ventral
29
inferior
caudal; nearer to feet
30
ipsilateral
something occurring on the sam side of the body as another structure
31
contralateral
occurring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure
32
flexion vs. extension
flexion- decreasing the angle between the bones extension- increasing the angle between eh bones or parts of body
33
elevation vs. depression
raise to sky vs. press towards floor
34
protrusion vs. retrusion
= protraction vs retraction
35
pronation and supination
rotational movements ;rotates the radius medially so that the palm of hand faces posteriorly and do sum faces anteriorly
36
eversion
moves the sole of the foot away from median plane, turning laterally
37
inversion
moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane
38
components and content of the epidermis
superficial layer (tough), basal layer (regenerative and pigmented), no blood vessels or nerve endings
39
components and content of the dermis layer
collagen and elastic fibers, hair follicles, smooth arrestor muscles and sebaceous glands, blood vessels and cutaneous nerve terminals
40
components and content of the subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
loose connective tissue and stored fat, sweat glands, superficial blood vessels and cutaneous nerves ; superficial facia ; thermoreg
41
components and content of the deep fascia
dense connective tissue, devoid of fat, covers and invest deep structures
42
skin ligaments
fibrous bands, attach dermis to deep fascia
43
skin appear blue
cyanotic
44
leads to less scaring
incisions along the tension lines, interrupt less collagen fibers
45
fascias
wrapping packing, insulating and compartmentalizing materials of the deep structures of the body.
46
deep fascia
dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, that covered most of the body parallel to the skin
47
bursae
closed sacs or envelopes of serous membrane ; occurring in places subject to friction
48
serous membrane
delicate connective tissue that secrets fluid to lubricate smooth surfaces
49
subcutaneous bursae
between skin and bony prominences (elbow)
50
subtendinous bursae
between tendon and bone (glenohumeral joint)
51
visceral layer
one closest to the fist when punch a balloon
52
parietal layer
the outside layer when one punches a balloon
53
axial skeleton
head, neck and trunk
54
appendicular skeleton
consists of th ebonies of the limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles
55
cartilage
semi-rigid connective tissue, present at flexible spots
56
bone
hard connective tissue involved in body support and movement organ protection , salt storage (Ca) and blood cells production
57
condyle
rounded, articular area
58
crest
ridge of bone
59
foramen
passage through a bone
60
fossa
hollow or depressed area
61
groove
elongated depression or furrow
62
notch
indentation at the end of a bone
63
protuberance
projection of bone
64
spine
thorn like process
65
spinous process
projecting spine like part of a bone
66
tubercle
small raised eminence
67
tuberosity
large rounded elevation
68
types of bone
long (tubular): humerus; short (cuboidal)- carpus; flat- cranium; irregular: face bones; sesamoid (patella
69
joint types
synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous
70
synovial joint
united by joint capsule (knee) ; involved in locomotion
71
fibrous joint
united by fibrous tissue
72
sutures of cranium
united by short ligaments
73
syndesmoisis
united by sheet of fibrous tissue; interosseous- membrane of forearm, dentoalveolar (where the tooth goes into the socket)
74
cartilaginous joint
united by fibrocartilage
75
extrinsic
separate from joint capsule
76
intrinsic
thickening of joint capsule
77
synovial joint types
plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket,pivot
78
plane joint
synovial; gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surface (acromioclavicular)
79
hinge joint
synovial; flexion and extension only (elbow)
80
saddle joint
permit abduction and adduction and flexion and extension (carpometacarpal). Biaxial
81
condyloid
permit abduction and adduction and flexion and extension (metacarpophalangeal); less frontal movement than saddle joints. biaxial
82
ball and socket joint
synovial; flexion and extension abduction, and adduction, medial, and lateral rotation and circumduction (hip). and multi-axial
83
pivot joint
synovial rotation around central axis. uniaxial ; rounded process of bone rotates within a sleeve or ring
84
arthoscopy
examination of synovial joints through insertion of an arthoscope
85
accessory ligaments
reinforces synovial joints ; either seperate (extrinsic) or are thickening of a portion of the joint capsule (intrinsic)
86
anastomost
communicate
87
somatic vs vscera
made up of body wall vs. makes up organs
88
three muscle types
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
89
skeletal muscle
striated, attatches to skeleton and fascia of limbs, large long, unbranched, arranged parallel, voluntary
90
cardiac muscle
myocardium, brancingshorter fibers with transverse striations, strong quick rhythmic contraction, involuntary
91
smooth unstriated muscle
walls of hallow viscera and blood vessels involuntary
92
muscle shape: flat
parallele fibers (external oblique)
93
muscle shape: pennate
feather-like (deltoid)
94
muscle shape: fusiform
round thick belly and tapered ends (biceps brachia)
95
muscle shape: convergent
from broad area to form a single tendon (pectorals major)
96
muscle shape: quadrate
4 equal sides (rectus abdomens)
97
muscle shape: circular or sphincteral
surround body opening or orifice (orbicular is oculi)
98
muscle shape: multi headed or multi bellied
more than one attachment and more than one belly
99
pulmonary vascular circuit of CVS
R. ventricle to L atrium
100
Systematic vascular circuits of the CVS
from L ventricle to R atrium
101
arteries
carry blood under relatively high pressure from the heart to the rest of the odd
102
large elastic aa
receive cardiac output, minimizing the ebb in BP as the heart contracts and relaxes
103
medium musular aa
regulate blood flow to different parts of the body as needed (activity, thermoregulation)
104
small aa and arterioles
regulate level of arterial pressure. not generally identified during dissections
105
veins (vv)
return blood to the heart
106
venules
drain capillary beds and form small vv.
107
small vv
tributaries of larger vv. that unite to form venous plexuses
108
medium vv.
drain venouse plexuses and accompany medium aa. contain venous valves, preventing blood back flow
109
large vv.
return blood to the heart (superior vena cava)
110
anastomoses
communications between multiple branches of an a. prevent the occlusion of one branch affect the supplied tissue, providing collateral circulation
111
true terminal aa
aa lacking anastomoses with adjacent aa. example: blood supply to retna where occlusion leads to blindness
112
capillaries and capillary beds
capillaries are endothelial tubes connecting arterial and venous sides and are typically arranged in capillary beds, which ar networks connecting arterial and venous sides. capillaries allow the exchange of materials with the ECF
113
portal venous system:
a venous sstem connecting 2 capillary beds. (ex.)hepatic portal system
114
Lymphoid system
drain surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the bloodstream, and removal of debris from cellular decomposition & infection. As much as 3L/day fails to be reabsorbed by blood capillaries
115
Lymphatic plexuses
network of lymphatic capillaries, originating in the extracellular spaces. Permeable to tissue fluid, plasma proteins, bacteria, cellular debris, and whole cells (especially lymphocytes)
116
Lymphatic vessels
network of vessels with lymphatic valves, occurring in the whole body, except in: teeth, bone, bone marrow, and entire CNS (excess fluid drains in CSF)
117
Lymph
fluid contained in the lymphatic vessels, similar in composition to blood plasma
118
Lymph nodes
small masses of lymphatic tissue located along lymphatic vessels that filter lymph on its way to venous system
119
Lymphocytes
circulating cells of the immune system
120
Lymphoid organs
parts of the body that produce lymphocytes (e.g. thymus, bone marrow, spleen, tonsils)
121
Superficial lymphatic vessels
in the subcutaneous tissue, drain into deep lymphatic vessels
122
Deep lymphatic vessels
drain internal organs and accompany aa.
Right lymphatic duct: drains body right upper quadrant
Thoracic duct: drains rest of body
123
NS
receive and integrates internal and external stimuli
Controls and regulates various activities in the body
Allows the body to adapt to continuous internal and external changes
124
Structure of NS
Central nervous system (CNS): brain & spinal cord
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS): NS outside the CNS
125
neurons
composed of cell body, dendrites, and axons. Specialized for rapid conduction of information
126
Multipolar motor neurons
: consist of dendritic tree and single axon, with one or more branches. E.g. neurons controlling skeletal muscle and the ANS
127
Pseudounipolar sensory neurons
derived from the cell body a single process divides into a peripheral and central processes. Peripheral (receptor organ cell body), Central (cell body CNS). These neurons’ cell bodies are located in sensory ganglia in the PNS
128
Neuroglia (glial cells)
Neuroglia
129
CNS components:
Nucleus: collection of cell bodies in the CNS
Tract: bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in the CNS
Gray matter: formed by the cell bodies
White matter: formed by the interconnecting fiber tracts (axons)
Meninges: pia, arachnoid, and dura mater
`
130
PNS
Comprised of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS
131
PNS components
Nerve:
Bundle of nerve fibers or bundle of bundled fibers (fascicle)
Connective tissue surrounding and binding nerve fibers or bundles together (endoneurium fibers; perineurium fascicle ; epineurium nerve)
Vasa nervorum: blood vessels nourishing the nerve and its covering
Ganglion: collection of cell bodies outside the CNS
132
Cranial nerves
exit cranial cavity through foramina in pairs. Identified by Roman numeral or descriptive name (e.g. CN IV or Trochlear nerve)
133
spinal nerves
exit vertebral column through intervertebral foramina in pairs. Identified by a letter and number (e.g. T4), designating the region of the spinal cord and superior-to-inferior order
134
Anterior nerve root:
motor (efferent) fibers from CNS to peripheral organs
135
Posterior nerve root
sensory (afferent) fibers coming from peripheral receptors and extending centrally to the CNS
136
Anterior primary rami
supply the anterior & lateral areas of the trunk and upper & lower limbs.
In the trunk, generally innervate muscles and skin in a segmental pattern.
In the limbs, nerves merge to form plexuses.
137
Posterior primary rami
supply synovial joint of vertebral column, deep muscles of back, and skin in a segmental pattern. Do not form plexuses
138
Dermatome
area of skin innervated by sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve
139
Myotome
muscle mass innervated by a single spinal nerve
140
General sensory fibers [general somatic afferent (GSA) fibers
transmit sensation from body to CNS
141
General motor fiber [general somatic efferent (GSE) fibers
transmit impulses to skeletal muscles
142
Visceral sensory fibers [general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers]
transmit sensation from organs & blood vessels to CNS
143
Visceral motor fibers [general visceral efferent (GVE) fibers
transmit impulses to smooth muscle and glandular tissue
144
Presynaptic (preganglionic) neuron
located in gray matter of CNS, and synapses onto the postsynaptic neuron
145
Postsynaptic (postganglionic) neurons
located outside CNS in autonomic ganglia, and synapses on effector organ
146
differens in sympathetic and parasympathetic
SP secretes NE; PSP secretes Ach
147
Presynaptic cell bodies:
located in the intermediolateral cell columns (IMLs) of the spinal cord. Relatively short compared to postsynaptic neurons
148
Postsynaptic cell bodies: located in
Paravertebral ganglia: linked to form R & L sympathetic trunks on each side of the vertebral column, and extend the length of it
Prevertebral ganglia: in the plexuses surrounding the origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta
149
White rami communicantes:
passage of axons of presynaptic neurons from the anterior rami of spinal nerves sympathetic trunk
150
Gray rami communicantes
passage of axons of the postsynaptic neurons from the sympathetic trunk anterior rami of spinal nerves
151
Presynaptic cell bodies: located in
In the gray matter of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X
| In the gray matter of sacral segments S2-4
152
Visceral sensation
Usually at the unconscious level
Provide information regarding the body’s internal environment
Integration of this information by the CNS, triggers visceral or somatic reflexes
Visceral sensation at a conscious level is usually perceived as poorly localized pain
