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Anatomy of the thorax: > lecture 1: Orientation, Imaging and Thoracic Wall > Flashcards

lecture 1: Orientation, Imaging and Thoracic Wall Flashcards

1
Q

***what are the 3 planes and show a diagram

A
  • sagittal divides body into the left and right halves - frontal divides the body into anterior and posterior - horizontal divides body into superior and inferior
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2
Q

what do they following terms mean? Anterior/Posterior Superior/Inferior Medial/Lateral Proximal/Distal Superficial/Deep

A

Anterior- front of body Posterior - back of the body Superior- on the top of the body Inferior- on the bottom of the body Medial- in the middle of Lateral - on the side of Proximal- closer to the origin of the structure Distal - further from the origin of the structure Superficial- on the surface Deep - within the surface

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3
Q

what do the following terms mean: cranial ? rostral ? caudal?

A

cranial - towards the head rostral - towards the mouth or nose caudal - towards the tail

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4
Q

what does palmer mean? what does dorsal mean?

A

on palm/front of the hand on back of the hand

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5
Q

what does plantar mean? what does dorsal mean?

A

on the sole of the foot on the back of the foot

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6
Q

what plane are CT scans?

A

transverse plane however some are of the frontal plane

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7
Q

what is flexion? what is extension?

A

– muscle contracting – muscle relaxing

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8
Q

what is abduction? what is adduction?

A
  • away from midline - towards midline
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9
Q

***what is lateral flexion?

A

bending in a lateral direction

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10
Q

***what is protraction? what is retraction?

A

****- anterior movement - posterior movement

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11
Q

what is medial rotation? what is lateral rotation?

A

movement inside movement outside

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12
Q

what is dorsiflexion? what is plantar flexion?

A
  • towards dorsum of foot - towards plantar surface of foot
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13
Q

what is radial deviation?

A

wrist movement towards either bone

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14
Q

what is pronation? what is supination?

A

– palmar surface points inferiorly - palmar surface points superiorly

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15
Q

***what is inversion? what is eversion?

A

– foot rotating internally – foot rotating externally

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16
Q

structure of the thoracic skeleton ?

A

refer to netters flashcard 3-1

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17
Q

what does the thoracic skeleton basically contain?

A
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae - 12 pairs of ribs and costal - cartilages - Sternum bone
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18
Q

what are the articulations of the thorax?

A
  • sternoclavicular joint - sternocostal joints - costochondrial joints
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19
Q

**** what is the structure of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

****

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20
Q

*** structure of a rib?

A

*****

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21
Q

what are the true ribs ? what are the false ribs? what are the floating ribs?

A
  • ribs 1-7 - direct interaction with sternum - ribs 8-10 - indirect - ribs 11-12 - no interaction
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22
Q

what does the costal groove mark? what does it feel like?

A
  • Costal groove marks the inferior margin of the internal surface of the rib. - The inferior edge is sharp as it is tapered to allow passage of some structures
23
Q

what is the structure of the sternum?

A

Manubrium (1st costal cartilage attaches) Body Xiphoid process

24
Q

what happens at the sternal angle?

A

bifurcation of trachea and pulmonary trunk, beginning and termination of arch of aorta

25
Q

what is a symphasis and what is it made up of?

A

Symphysis = fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bone Symphysis between vertebral bodies = Hyaline cartilage + Intervertebral disc

26
Q

*** is the intervertebral disc made up of?

A
  • Anulus fibrosus (collagen – limits rotation) - Nucleus pulposus (gelatinous – absorbs compression forces)
27
Q

****what makes up a zygapophysial joint?

A

= Inferior Articular Process + Superior articular process

28
Q

how does the position of the zygapophysial joints change in the following places ? cervical? thoracic? lumbar?

A

cervical: zygapophysial joints slope inferiorly from anterior to posterior allows flexion and extension thoracic: the joints are oriented vertically and limit flexion and extension, but facilitate rotation lumbar: joint surfaces are curved adjacent processes interlock therefore a limited range of movement

29
Q

what do the two surfaces on the head of the rib articulate with?

A
  • Superior facet on rib head -> Inferior demifacet on body of the vertebra ABOVE - Inferior facet on rib head -> Superior demifacet on body of its own vertebra
30
Q

what is a Costotransverse joint ?

A

= synovial joint between - Tubercle of rib - Transverse process of its own vertebra

31
Q

what movement does the costovertebral joints and related ligaments allow?

A
  • necks of the ribs either to rotate around their longitudinal axes ( upper ribs) - to ascend and descend relative to the vertebral column ( lower ribs) overall allows the alteration of the thoracic cavity during breathing
32
Q

which vertebrae articulate with the ribs differently?

A
  • the head of rib I does not articulate with vertebra CVII; - vertebra TX articulates only with its own ribs so has no no inferior demifacets - vertebrae TXI and TXII articulate only with the heads of their own ribs -they lack transverse costal facets
33
Q

structure of costovertebral joints?

A

refer to netter flashcard 3-2

34
Q

****what are the sternocostal joints?

A
  • 1st costal cartilages manubriosternal joint

Fibrocartilaginous joint 2nd costal cartilage sternal angle

  • 7th costal cartilage body-xiphoid (xiphisternal joint) -

8th – 10th costal cartilages cartilage above (interchondral joints)

Interchondral joints provide indirect anchorage to the sternum and contribute to the formation of a smooth inferior costal margin.

35
Q

what does the thoracic inlet formed of?

A
  • T1 - 1st ribs - manubrium
36
Q

***show the structure of the thoracic inlet? what are the main vessels?

A

***** - Common carotid artery, jugular vein, subclavian artery and vein)

37
Q

where does the apex sit?

A

apex of the lung is 3cm above the clavicle - the apex is superior to the clavicle

38
Q

where do veins sit compared to arteries?

A

veins are anterior to arteries

39
Q

****show diagram of costal margin :

A

*****

40
Q

what is an intercostal space?

A

space between adjacent ribs

41
Q

what does the intercostal space contain?

A
  • MUSCLES External intercostal muscle Internal intercostal muscle Innermost intercostal muscle - NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE
42
Q

****what are the directions of the intercostal muscles?

A
  • external intercostal? - start at lower edge of rib - extend towards sternum - internal intercostal? - start at the sternum - extends towards the spinal cord outwards
43
Q

what do the externals do? what do the internals do? what do the innermost intercostals do?

A

’up and outward’ = inspiration Pull ribcage downward = forced expiration they are not very important

44
Q

what are the intercostal muscles innervated by?

A
  • 11 pairs intercostal nerves T1-T11 + 1 subcostal vein - Mixed (= motor + sensory) - motor to thoracic wall muscles - sensory from skin to pleura
45
Q

what is the segmental arrangement of the nerves ?

A

Strip of skin and muscles innervated by single spinal nerve

46
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

strip of skin innervated by single spinal nerve

47
Q

what are the branches of the intercostal nerves?

A
  • The lateral cutaneous branch is the largest branch - divides into the anterior and posterior branch that innervate the overlying skin
48
Q

what is the arrangement of the neurovascular bundles?

A
  • vein - artery - nerve Vein, artery & nerve run in the costal groove nerve is most at risk
49
Q

****show a diagram of the arrangement of the neurovuscular bundles between the ribs?

A

****

50
Q

where do posterior intercostal arteries branch from?

A

aorta

51
Q

where do anterior intercostal arteries branch from?

A

internal thoracic artery - Internal thoracic artery arises from the subclavian arteries in the root of the neck

52
Q

what are x rays what are the three colours of xrays ? what are they caused by??

A

X-Ray = Ionising Radiation Most X-rays pass through - black 50% passes through - grey Few X-rays pass through - white

53
Q

show a chest xray

A

Anatomy of the thorax: (6 decks)

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