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Anatomy of the thorax: > anatomy of the heart > Flashcards

anatomy of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

what are the surface projections of the heart?

A
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2
Q

label a heart?

A
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3
Q

what are the blood vessels of the heart?

A
  • SVC and IVC enter the right atrium along with the coronary sinus
  • blood then leaves the right ventricle via the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk
  • the pulmonary trunk then leaves the right ventricle and splits into the left and right pulmonary arteries carrying deoxygenated to the right and left lung
  • The blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins and is then pumped out through the aorta, via the aortic valve
  • the right and left coronary arteries are the first to branch off the ascending aorta
  • •The aortic arch passes upwards, and has three further major branches.
  • these are the brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid, left subclavian artery
  • The brachiocephalic artery splits into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries
  • •The interventrical septum and interatrial septum separate the ventricles and atria respectively
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4
Q

how many semilunar cusps does the aortic valve and pulmonary valve have?

A
  • three semilunar cusps (anterior, left and right)
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5
Q

label the heart in situ?

A

refer to netter card 3- 19

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6
Q

where does the heart lie?

A

the heart lies in the mediastinum on the left side of the chest

  • superiorly it reaches the 2nd intercostal space
  • inferiorly the apex lies in the 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line.
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7
Q

what is the pericardium?

what is the function of the pericardium?

A

the pericardium is the sac of connective tissue in the heart lies

the function of the pericardium is to anchor the heart and also protect it

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8
Q

what are the parts of the pericardium?

A
  • two parts the fibrous part and the serous part
  • •The serous part is divided into a further 2 parts, the parietal and visceral pericardium.
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9
Q

what is the fibrous part of the pericardium?

A
  • this is the outer part and defines the borders of the middle mediastinum
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10
Q

what is the parietal and visceral pericardium?

A
  • there are about 50 ml of fluid between the two layers which allow the heart to expand and extract
  • the parietal layer is continuous with the visceral layer at two reflections
  • the oblique pericardial sinus and the transverse pericardial sinus
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11
Q

what is the oblique pericardial sinus?

what is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

oblique pericardial sinus? = surrounds the IVC, SVC and pulmonary veins posteriorly

transverse pericardial sinus? = divides the great arteries from the veins anteriorly.

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12
Q

what happens at the oblique pericardial sinus and the the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

this is when the parietal layer is continuous with the visceral layer

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

what happens if the parietal and visceral pericardium get inflammed?

A
  • can cause friction and a pericardial rub
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15
Q

what are the pericardial attachments?

A
  • the fibrous pericardium is a cone-shaped bag it has its base of the diaphragm and its apex continuous with the adventitia of the great vessels
  • the base is attached to the central tendon of the diaphragm
  • Anteriorly – attached to the sternum by sterno-pericardial ligaments
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16
Q

what does the pericardium prevent happening?

A

the sac limits cardiac distension ( prevents the heart expanding overly )

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17
Q

what is a cardiac tamponade?

A
  • this is the rapid accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac
  • then pericardial effusion happens

( where excess fluid builds up between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium)

  • then a cardiac tamponade happens

(this is when the fluid within the pericardial sac compresses the heart )

  • then biventricular failure happens
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18
Q

label the pericardial sac:

A

refer to netters diagram 3-20

19
Q

label the aortic arch

A
20
Q

where is the aortic arch?

A
  • begins the right 2nd costal cartilage
  • the highest point is midway between the jugular notch and the sternal angle
  • Ends: left 2nd CC
21
Q
A
22
Q

what do the common carotids split into?

and what do they supply?

A

the common carotids split into internal and external

  • the external supplies the blood to the face, scalp and the meninges
23
Q
A
24
Q

what is the passage of the descending aorta?

A
  • first, it passes left and downwards
  • . It starts anteriorly and left of the oesophagus, but becomes more posterior as it descends
  • the oesophagus then passes the diaphragm at T10
  • the aorta continues and reaches the level of T4/5 where it becomes the descending thoracic aorta
  • the aorta then passes through the diaphragm at T12 and becomes the abdominal aorta
25
Q

what happens at the sternal angle?

where is the sternal angle?

A

= T4/T5

  • this is where the 2nd CC articulates with the sternum
  • The superior mediastinum is separated from the inferior mediastinum
  • the ascending aorta ends to form the aortic arch
  • the aortic arch ends and the thoracic aorta begins
  • •Trachea bifurcates
26
Q

where is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

T1

this is also the bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk

27
Q

where do he brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava

A

at the level of T3

28
Q

how do the jugular veins drain the head ?

A
  • blood drains from the head and the neck via the jugular system
  • blood from the brain drains into the internal jugular system, this passes directly downwards behind the sternocleidomastoid to join with the subclavian veins and forms the brachiocephalic veins
  • The external jugular veins drain the face and scalp and pass over the top of SCM
29
Q

what is the surface anatomy of the following :

aortic arch :

brachiocephalic trunk

right common carotid

left common carotid

right and left internal jugular veins

right brachiocephalic vein

left brachiocephalic vein

superior vena cava

A

aortic arch : begins

aortic arch : at right 2nd CC and ends at left 2nd CC

highest point = midway between the jugular notch and sternal angle

brachiocephalic trunk

line from the aortic arch superolaterally towards the right sternoclavicular joint where it then divides into right common carotid and right subclavian

right common carotid

from the right sternoclavicular joint to the right ear lobe

left common carotid

from the aortic arch to the left sternoclavicular joint then to left ear lobe

right and left internal jugular veins

•lateral to the common carotid arteries

right brachiocephalic vein

  • right sternoclavicular joint to the border of the right 1st costal cartilage

left brachiocephalic vein

  • left sternoclavicular joint to the border of the left 1st costal cartilage

superior vena cava

•from the right 1st costal cartilage to the right 3rd costal cartilage behind the right side of the manubrium and sternum

30
Q
A
31
Q

what are the chambers of the heart?

how are these chambers separated?

A

2 atria, 2 ventricles

Two sides are separated by interatrial and interventricular septae,

32
Q

what are the types of valves?

A
  • atrioventricular : tendons

right : •tricuspid valve (3 cusps/leaflets)

left: •mitral valve (2 cusps/leaflets)
- semilunar : no tendons

(pulmonary artery valve) •pulmonic valve (3 cusps/leaflets)

(aortic valve) •aortic valve (3 cusps/leaflets)

33
Q

where are the heart valve locations ?

A
  • aortic - Right sternal edge 2nd intercostal space
  • pulmonary - Left sternal edge 2nd intercostal space
  • tricuspid - •Left sternal edge 5th intercostal space;
  • mitral - Mid-clavicular line 5th intercostal space.

here are the places we can auscultate the valves

34
Q

where does blood enter the right atrium from?

A

•Blood enters through one of 3 vessels: SVC, IVC, coronary sinus (returning blood from the walls of the heart itself)

35
Q

what is the fossa ovalis?

A

•embryological remnant of the foramen ovale, which in the foetus allowed oxygenated blood from the IVC (oxygenated from the mother) to pass directly to the left atrium and bypass the nonfunctional lungs

36
Q

label right atrium

A

refer to netter

37
Q

label right ventricle

A

refer to netters

38
Q

how many cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

A

anterior, septal and posterior

3

39
Q

how do the cusps attach to papillary muscles?

how does the valve wor with the cusp?

A
  • the cusps have projections called chordae tendinae which attach to the papillary muscles within the ventricle wall
  • when the ventricle contracts to force the blood out of the pulmonary artery the papillary muscles contract and pull on the chorae tendinae which prevents the eversion of the tricuspid valve cusps

so the cusps and the papillary muscles make sure the valve stays shut

40
Q

how do the pulmonary valves work?

A
  • each semilunar cusp forms a pulmonary sinus
  • after ventricular contraction the recoil of blood fills up these sinuses and forces the cusps to close to prevent backflow into the right ventricle
41
Q

what are the two halves of the left atrium?

A
  • posterior half

inflow portion which receives blood from the 4 pulmonary veins

  • anterior half

continuous with the left auricle

42
Q

the valves of the foramen ovale?

A
  • depression in the interatrial septum during development this remains open and allows the blood to pass through
43
Q

what are the differences between the aortic valves and the pulmonary valves?

A
  • the aortic valve has a posterior cusp not an anterior cusp
  • •in the aortic valve, the recoil automatically forces blood into the coronary arteries

Anatomy of the thorax: (6 decks)

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