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Anatomy of the thorax: > bronchi, lungs, pleura and the diaphragm > Flashcards

bronchi, lungs, pleura and the diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

what does the bronchial tree consist of?

A
  • trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchioli
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2
Q

describe the trachea ?

A
  • C shaped incomplete cartilage rings - the lowest tracheal ring is the carina
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3
Q

where does the trachea start and end?

A

starts at C6 - ends at T4 this is where is biFOURCATES

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4
Q

where is the primary bronchi?

A

T4/5

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5
Q

compare the right and left bronchi?

A

the right is wider and vertical than the left also a bit shorter

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6
Q

label a diagram of the trachea moving into the bronchi?

A
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7
Q

where are the secondary bronchi and what do they supply?

A

they are formed within the lungs

  • they supply the lobes
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8
Q

how many lobes does the right and left lung have?

A

right = 3

left = 2

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9
Q

what do the tertiary bronchi supply?

A

they supply the bronchopulmonary segments

  • self contained independent units of lung tissue
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10
Q

what are bronchopulmonary segments?

A

they are the smallest functionally independent regions of the lung

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11
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments do the right and left lung have?

A

right = 10

left = 8 or 9

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12
Q

how do the compositions of substances change down the airway?

A
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

what is the pleura?

A
  • a thin layer of flattened cells supported by connective tissue that lines each pleural cavity and covers the exterior the lungs
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15
Q

what are the two types of pleura?

what do they do?

A
  • the parietal pleura:

lines the inner surface of the chest walls

  • the visceral pleura:

covers the surface of the lungs

it is shiny

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16
Q

how do the pleura connect?

A

they are continuous with one another at the lung root = the hilum

17
Q

what is the pleural cavity?

A
  • this is potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura
  • this contains a thin layer of serous fluid
  • this allows the lungs to glide
18
Q

what does the costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura mean?

A
  • this means the lung tissue is not normally present except on max inspiration
  • this is where the fluid first accumulates
19
Q

what is the purpose of a chest drain?

what are the borders of a safe triangle?

A
  • to collect fluid, air, blood from the pleural space
  • the borders of the safe triangle are

—Posterior: latissimus dorsi

—Anterior: pectoralis major

—Superior: apex of axilla

—Inferior: 5th ICS at MAL

the needle will insert superior to the superior border of the rib to avoid the neuromuscular bundle

20
Q

label the lobes and the fissures on the lungs?

A
21
Q

what are some important surface land marks?

sternoclavicular joint

sternal angle

sternal border

oblique fissure

horizontal fissure

A
  • 2-3cm above medial 3rd of the clavicle = sternoclavicular joint
  • 2nd costal cartilage at the sternal angle
  • 6th costal cartilage at sternal border

oblique fissure : from T3 posteriorly to 6th CC

horizontal fissure : from 4th CC on the right to meet oblique fissure at MAL

22
Q

what are the two circulations of the lungs?

A
  • pulmonary

supplies the lung with deoxygenated blood needed to oxygenate it

  • bronchial (systemic)

provides the lungs with oxygenated blood to meet its metabolic needs

23
Q

how are the lungs innervated?

by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves?

A

PSNS: vagus nerve, increases secretions, contraction of the smooth muscle of the airways so that the airways are smaller and less air can come through

SNS: from the sympathetic trunks, relaxes the smooth muscle so more air flows through

24
Q

how does the lymphatic drainage of the lungs work?

A
  • lymphatics of the lungs and the visceral pleura drain to the

bronchopulmonary lymph nodes –> tracheobronchial nodes

–>bronchomediastinal trunk

25
Q

what are the surfaces of the lungs?

A
  • costal surface

convex

  • mediastinal surface
  • diaphragmatic surface

concave

26
Q

what does the margin of the diaphragm attach to?

A
  • costal margin
  • xiphroid process
  • ribs 11/12
  • lumbar vertebrae
27
Q

how far does the dome of the diaphragm extend?

A
  • much higher than the costal margin
  • abdominal organs
28
Q

at what level is the

IVC

oesophagus

aorta

A

IVC: T8

Esophagus: T10

Aorta: T12

29
Q

out of the IVC, oesophagus, aorta which pierces the diaphragm?

A

only the oesophagus and aorta are thick enough the pierce the diaphragm

the IVC does not pierce the diaphragm

30
Q

what happens to the diaphragm, chest wall, intercostal muscles and lungs during inspiration?

A

intercostal muscles contract

the diaphragm contracts

the ribs move up and out

the chest wall expands

the pressure decreases

31
Q

what happens to diaphragm, chest wall, intercostal muscles and lungs during inspiration?

A
  • the internal intercostal muscles contract
  • the external intercostal muscles relax
  • the ribs move in and downwards
  • the diaphragm relaxes
  • the chest cavity gets smaller
  • pressure increases
32
Q

what is the mechanism of breathing?

A
  • pleural cavity expands during inhalation
  • elastic lungs also expand during inhalation

—Reduced pressure inside lungs vs environment

—Air flows in

33
Q

how do the ribs move during breathing?

A

—Ribs move in 2 directions with 2 ‘mechanisms’

-

—Bucket handle: increases transverse diameter (lateral expansion)

—Pump handle: increases antero-posterior diameter

overall this increases the volume of the chest

34
Q

what does the contraction of the diaphragm result in?

A

—Diaphragm contraction increases volume of thoracic cavity

—–> Pressure on abdominal viscera

further contraction causes the costal margin the raise

  • the increased thoracic capacity causes reduced intrapleural pressure
35
Q

what innervates the diaphragm?

what supplies the diaphragm?

A

Innervated by phrenic nerve

supplied by inferior phrenic arteries

36
Q

what does quiet expiration rely on?

A
  • it is passive
  • it relies on the elastic recoil of the lungs elastic tissue and ribcage
37
Q

what does forced expiration rely on?

A
  • abdominal wall muscles contract
  • this results in an increase in intra-abdominal pressure which forces diaphragm upwards
  • this also pulls the ribs down

Anatomy of the thorax: (6 decks)

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