Lecture 1 Old Notes: Tandler Flashcards

1
Q

What is resolution and how does it relate to magnification?

A

It is about the ability to see fine detail and is independent of magnification

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2
Q

What are the two most common stains used for histologic presentation?

A

Hematoxylin and Eosin

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3
Q

Why does the nucleus tend to stain with basic dyes?

A

It is basophillic due to the nucleus being an acidic environment

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4
Q

Why does the cytoplasm of a cell tend to react with acidic dyes?

A

It has pKs around 8, making it slightly basic.

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5
Q

Is hemotoxylin basic or acidic?

A

Basic, so used to stain nuclei

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6
Q

Is eosin acidic or basic?

A

Acidic, so it stains cytoplasm

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7
Q

What cellular structure contains all of the enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Mitochondria

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8
Q

How many different enzymes does mitochondria contain?

A

Over 120

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9
Q

For the mitochondrial membranes, which one is folded and which is flat?

A

Inner is folded, outer is flat

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10
Q

What shape are mitochondrial cristae in the adrenal glands, testes or ovaries?

A

Tubular

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11
Q

How common are mitochondrial disturbances?

A

1:2000

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12
Q

What material does smooth ER help digest and synthesize?

A

Glycogen

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13
Q

What kind of proteins comprise the particles on the outside of rough ER?

A

Ribonucleo proteins

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14
Q

Are ribonucleo proteins acidic or basic?

A

Acidic

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15
Q

What takes amino acids and incorporates them into proteins?

A

Cisternae

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16
Q

Where is a lot of protein synthesized?

A

Rough ER

17
Q

What enzyme does the smooth ER use to synthesize and break down glycogen?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

18
Q

What is characteristic of all golgi regardless of function?

A

Numerous small vesicles and large vacuoles

19
Q

What is the most important thing that happens to the proteins as they move through the Golgi?

A

They are glycosylated (sugars are added to them)

20
Q

What do condensing vacuoles do? (hint: found in Golgi)

A

They hold proteins and they dehydrate them, turning them into granules

21
Q

What is the significance of the granular form of proteins?

A

This is the storage form of proteins, allowing them to be transported including out of the cell.

22
Q

What are three roles of Smooth ER?

A

Glycogen metabolism, detoxification, production of steroid hormones

23
Q

Lysosome has what kind of enzymes?

A

Destructive

24
Q

Do centrioles all have a uniform structure when viewed from the electron microscope?

A

Yah

25
Q

How are the tubules arranged in centrioles?

A

9 sets of triplets

26
Q

What do centrioles make, which is important for cell division?

A

Mitotic spindle

27
Q

What’s the importance of the mitotic spindle?

A

Important for cell division

28
Q

How are centrioles related to cilia?

A

Centrioles induce the production of cilia

29
Q

What is the cytoskeleton of every cell made of?

A

Microtubules

30
Q

What kind of protein makes of microtubules?

A

Tubulin

31
Q

What is the shape of every nuclear pore?

A

Octagonal

32
Q

Is the nucleolus basophilic (takes up basic dyes, indicating it is acidic) or acidophilic (takes up acidic dyes, indicating it is basic)?

A

Extremely basophilic

33
Q

Where is the ribosomal RNA produced?

A

Nucleolus

34
Q

What do you add to a test tube full of tubulin in a solution in order to cause tubule production?

A

GTP