Lecture 1 Old Notes: Tandler Flashcards
What is resolution and how does it relate to magnification?
It is about the ability to see fine detail and is independent of magnification
What are the two most common stains used for histologic presentation?
Hematoxylin and Eosin
Why does the nucleus tend to stain with basic dyes?
It is basophillic due to the nucleus being an acidic environment
Why does the cytoplasm of a cell tend to react with acidic dyes?
It has pKs around 8, making it slightly basic.
Is hemotoxylin basic or acidic?
Basic, so used to stain nuclei
Is eosin acidic or basic?
Acidic, so it stains cytoplasm
What cellular structure contains all of the enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation?
Mitochondria
How many different enzymes does mitochondria contain?
Over 120
For the mitochondrial membranes, which one is folded and which is flat?
Inner is folded, outer is flat
What shape are mitochondrial cristae in the adrenal glands, testes or ovaries?
Tubular
How common are mitochondrial disturbances?
1:2000
What material does smooth ER help digest and synthesize?
Glycogen
What kind of proteins comprise the particles on the outside of rough ER?
Ribonucleo proteins
Are ribonucleo proteins acidic or basic?
Acidic
What takes amino acids and incorporates them into proteins?
Cisternae
Where is a lot of protein synthesized?
Rough ER
What enzyme does the smooth ER use to synthesize and break down glycogen?
Glucose-6-phosphatase
What is characteristic of all golgi regardless of function?
Numerous small vesicles and large vacuoles
What is the most important thing that happens to the proteins as they move through the Golgi?
They are glycosylated (sugars are added to them)
What do condensing vacuoles do? (hint: found in Golgi)
They hold proteins and they dehydrate them, turning them into granules
What is the significance of the granular form of proteins?
This is the storage form of proteins, allowing them to be transported including out of the cell.
What are three roles of Smooth ER?
Glycogen metabolism, detoxification, production of steroid hormones
Lysosome has what kind of enzymes?
Destructive
Do centrioles all have a uniform structure when viewed from the electron microscope?
Yah
How are the tubules arranged in centrioles?
9 sets of triplets
What do centrioles make, which is important for cell division?
Mitotic spindle
What’s the importance of the mitotic spindle?
Important for cell division
How are centrioles related to cilia?
Centrioles induce the production of cilia
What is the cytoskeleton of every cell made of?
Microtubules
What kind of protein makes of microtubules?
Tubulin
What is the shape of every nuclear pore?
Octagonal
Is the nucleolus basophilic (takes up basic dyes, indicating it is acidic) or acidophilic (takes up acidic dyes, indicating it is basic)?
Extremely basophilic
Where is the ribosomal RNA produced?
Nucleolus
What do you add to a test tube full of tubulin in a solution in order to cause tubule production?
GTP
