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MEH Sem 1 > Lecture 1 - Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essential components of a diet?

A
  1. Carbo: energy
  2. Protein: energy & a/a
  3. Fat: energy & f.a
  4. Minerals
  5. Vitamins
  6. Water: hydration
  7. Fibre: normal GI function
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2
Q

How does fibre maintain normal GI function?

A
  • Fibre reduces plasmic cholesterol/reduce risks of bowel cancer
  • Binds to bile salts in GI tract and removed in faeces
    (Bile salts are recycled by liver, but if fibre binds to it–> make more–> more cholesterol removed)
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3
Q

Why isn’t cellulose digested by the body?

A
  • Cellulose-β-1,4 sugar link X digested by body, lack enzymes

N.B Glucose is α-1,4

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4
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

A 
If             - Isoleucine (glucogenic)
Learned - Lysine (ketogenic)
This        - Threonine 
Huge      - Histidine
List          - Leucine 
May         - Methionine
Prove      - Phenylalanine
Truly        - Tryptophan (both)
Valuable  - Valine
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5
Q

Children and pregnant women have higher rate of protein synthesis. Which a/a do they need more of?

A

Arginine, Tyrosine & Cysteine

not essential a/a but CONDITIONALLY essential

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6
Q

What are some examples of essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic & Linolenic

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7
Q

What is the importance and some examples of minerals?

A
  • Establish ion gradients across membranes
  • Ca & K: bone structure
  • Ca: Hormone secretion, muscle contraction, exocytosis, nerve conduction
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8
Q

What are some nutrient requirement guidelines?

*values depend on age, gender and physical activity

A
  • RNI (Reference Nutrient Intake): for protein,vitamins & minerals
  • EAR (Estimated Average Requirement): for energy
  • LRNI (Lower Reference Nutrient Intake)
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9
Q

How are the nutritional guidelines calculated?

A
  • Plot frequency over nutrient requirement bell curve
  • 1st decile= LRNI, mean= EAR, 3rd decile= RNI
    (decile within 2 s.d of mean)

LRNI: enough for small amount of ppl who have low requirements
RNI: 97.5% needs met

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10
Q

What factors are involved in the regulation of body weight.

A

Age, Sex, Body Comp, Physical activity

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11
Q

What is the moderate physical activity of a 70kg adult male and a 58kg adult female a day?

A
  • Male =12,000 kJ/day

- Female= 9,500 kJ/day

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12
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and how is it calculated?

A
  • Energy required to maintain resting activities of body:
    i) maintenance of cells
    ii) function of organs
    iii) maintain body temp
  • Calculation: weight in kg x 100
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13
Q

What are some factors that affect BMR?

A
  • Body size
  • Gender
  • Environment temperature
  • Body Temp. (12% increase per degree)
  • Endocrine regulation
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14
Q

What is voluntary physical activity?

A
  • Energy required by skeletal, respiratory and cardiac muscle for voluntary contraction
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15
Q

What are the rough values of voluntary physical activity of a sedentary person, moderate activity and very active?

A
  • Sedentary: 30kJ/Kg/day
  • Moderate: 65 kJ/Kg/day
  • Active: 100kJ/Kg/day
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16
Q

What is obesity?

A
  • Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue

- BMI (>30)

17
Q

How to calculate BMI and what are its ranges?

A
  • Weight (kg)/ Height (m)^2 (units kg/m^2)
  • Range same for both sexes
    1. Underweight: <18.5
    2. Optimal weight: 18.5-24.9
    3. Overweight: 25-29.9
    4. Obese: 30-34.9
    5. Severely Obese: >35
18
Q

Suggest an alternative way to measure whether very muscular individuals other than BMI

A
  • Waist:Hip

- Obese: Men >0.9, Women >0.84

19
Q

What risks are increased abdominal fat associated with?

A
  • Insulin resistance
  • Hyperinsulinism
  • Type 2 DM
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperlipidaemia
  • Stroke
  • Premature Death
20
Q

What is marasmus? State symptoms and signs.

usually children under 5

A
  • Protein-energy malnutrition
  • Emaciated appearance
  • Muscle wasting
  • Loss of body fat, no oedema
  • Thain and dry hair
  • Diarrhoea
  • Anaemia
21
Q

What is kwashiorkor and its symptoms? When does it occur?

A
  • Occurs when a young child is displaced off breastfeeding and replaced with carbo. but low protein diet (cassava)
  • Symptoms:
    1. Child is disinterested, lethargic and anorexic
    2. Generalised/Pitting oedema
    3. Abdomen is distended (hepatomegaly)
    4. Serum albumin low
    5. Anaemia common
22
Q

Why does oedema occur in kwashiorkor?

A
  • Low protein diet –> insufficient a.a–> decrease plasma oncotic pressure –> ⬆️net flow of fluid from capillaries to I.F–> oedema
23
Q

What is refeeding syndrome and when does it occur?

A
  • Rapid refeeding of energy rich foods in starved/malnourished patients
  • Result in rapid increase in BG–> increase protein synthesis–> utilise phosphate,Mg,K (depleted)–> electrolyte abnormalities (hypophosphatemia)
24
Q

What should be done to prevent refeeding syndrome and what are its risk factors?

A
  • Re-feed 5-10kcal a day. Raise gradually to full needs.
  • Risk factors:
    1. BMI (<16)
    2. Unintentional weight loss of >15% in 3-6 months
    3. 10 days with no/little nutritional intake
25
Q

What is the difference between catabolic & anabolic pathyways?

A

C:

  1. Break down large –>small
  2. Release large amounts of free energy
  3. Oxidative
  4. Provide reducing power (H)

A:

  1. Small –> large
  2. Use ATP frm C
  3. Reductive
26
Q

Define cell metabolism

A

Process which derives energy from food–> growth, repair and activity of tissues–> sustain life

27
Q

What is the function of catabolic metabolism?

A
  • Form block materials (glucose, a.a, f.a): for cell growth/division/repair
  • Form organic precursor molecules (acetyl coA)
  • Produce reducing power (NADH, NADPH)
  • Energy (ATP)
28
Q

Why do cells need a continuous supply of energy?

A
  • Synthesis of cellular components
  • Transport work: maintenance of ion grad.
  • Muscle contraction, NI conduction
  • Energy intake = daily energy expenditure
29
Q

What is the role of a redox reaction?

A
  • Removal of electrons or H atoms (oxidation) followed by reduction reaction –> energy production
30
Q

What is the role of H-carrier molecules and some examples of it are?

A
  • NADP, NAD, FAD
  • Act as carriers for reducing power, allow–> ATP production and biosynthesis (NADPH)
  • Total conc of carriers is constant
31
Q

What are the purposes of high and low-energy signals?

A

High: Activate anabolic pathways

  1. ATP
  2. NADH
  3. NADPH
  4. FAD2H

Low: Activate catabolic pathways

  1. ADP, AMP
  2. NAD+
  3. NADP+
  4. FAD
32
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyses:

2ADP–> ATP + AMP (low energy signal)

A

Adenylate kinase

33
Q

What is the function of creatine phosphate?

A
  • When ATP levels are high, creatine–> c. phosphate
    [ATP–>ADP]
  • When ATP is low creatine phosphate –> creatine [ADP–>ATP]
  • Catalysed by creatine kinase
34
Q

What is a marker of myocardial infarction? Why?

A
  • Creatine Kinase

- CK is released from damaged cardiac myocytes

35
Q

What is used as a marker for muscle mass or kidney function? Why?

A
  • Creatinine (Breakdown product of creatine/c.p)
  • Produced at a constant rate
  • Creatinine in urine = marker for urine dilution
36
Q

Explain the clinical consequences of severe protein deficiency in children.

A
  • Lead to inadequate intake of essential a.a–> reduced protein synthesis/ nitrogen containing compounds
  • Growth failure
  • Impaired physical development (tiredness, weakness)
  • Impaired mental development
  • Negative nitrogen balance
  • Oedema due to reduced serum albumin
  • Increase risk of infection due to reduced immunoglobulins
  • Anaemia reduced Hb
  • Fatty liver due to reduced lipoprotein
37
Q

Explain the biological role of ATP

A
  • Energy currency: immediate and main source of energy for most cells
  • Free energy available when fuel sources are metabolised used to make ATP
  • Energy release through hydrolysis
    ATP –> ADP + Pi
38
Q

Explain the biological role of creatine phosphate

A
  • Small store of free energy
  • Important in first few seconds of muscle contraction
  • Form ATP

MEH Sem 1 (18 decks)

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