lecture 1: neuroanatomy Flashcards
nervous system divisions
CNS
PNS
CNS consists of
brain and spinal cord
PNS consists of
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
what two components do the brainstem connect
the brainstem connects the brain and spinal cord together
divisions of the ns
- mention each division
- cns
- pns
- pns further divides into autonomic and somatic
- autonomic further divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic.
PNS
involuntary nervous system. That regulayes internal enviornment of body. PNS carries signals from organs to CNS and CNS to internal organs. It’s responsible for heart beat, digestion, respiration, etc
somatic nervous system
contains nerves that carry sensory signals from body to CNS and nerves that carry motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscles.
the somatic nervous system is associated with voluntary movement.
autonomic nervous system
the autonomic nervous system is associated with involuntary movement.
sympathetic nervous system
carries signals that put our body on alert. this system helps increase energy. e.g. you are in a frightening situation, the heart rate will increase via the sympathetic system. furthermore, causing BP to increase, stimulating the sweat glands.
the sympathetic NS is associated with fight or flight response
parasympathtic nervous system
carrie signals that help relax the body. it helps conserve energy. e.g. when you eat a meal, stimulation of digestion occurs, salivation increases and heart rate decreases. parasympathetic nervous system involves rest and digestory responses.
the brain is split into 3 main divisions which are called?
- prosencephalon (diencephalon = thalamus and hypothalamus & telencephalon = lateral ventricles and cerebral cortex, basal ganglia)
- mesencephalon ( midbrain )
- rhombencepahlon ( mylencephalon =medulla oblongata, 4th ventricle & metacephalon = cerebellum, pons, 4th ventricle)
7 main components that provide CNS with protection
- skin
- scalp
3.skull - vertebral column
- meninges
- CSF
- blood-brain barrier
the brain has three main parts; which are
( c, c, bs)
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
the cerebrum is further divided into two;
largest part of the brain - left and right hemispheres.
the cerebellum
located at the back of your head, just above and behind where your spinal cord connects to your brain itself. it is believed to help co-ordinate your muscle movement.
what connects the left and right hemispeheres together and what does it help do ?
the corpus callosum; it transports information from one side of the brain to the other side of the brain
what is the left hemisphere responsible for ?
speech production, language production, comprehension, writing
what is the right hemisphere responsible for ?
creativity, artistic skills, attention, memory, problem solving
within each hemisphere contains lobes, which are known as
- frontal
- parietal
- occipital
- temporal
what is the frontal lobe responsible for ?
behaviour, emotions, planning, solutions
clinical value of frontal lobe ?
aggitated
aggressive
changed behaviour
speaking problems as brocas area is within the frontal lobe, body movement impairment ( as the pre-central gyrus is within the frontal lobe), intelligence
what is the parietal lobe responsible for?
language, touch, pain, pressure, sensory; sensory processes.
clinical value of parietal lobe?
Difficulty with drawing objects.
Difficulty in distinguishing left from right.
Spatial disorientation and navigation difficulties.
Problems with reading (Alexia)
Inability to locate the words for writing (Agraphia)
Difficulty with doing mathematics (Dyscalculia)Difficulty with drawing objects.
Difficulty in distinguishing left from right.
Spatial disorientation and navigation difficulties.
Problems with reading (Alexia)
Inability to locate the words for writing (Agraphia)
Difficulty with doing mathematics (Dyscalculia). the post-central gyrus is in the parital lobe so sensory impairment.
what is the temporal lobe responsible for ?
clinical value of temporal lobe?
speech production, processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory and contains wernickles area.
- Difficulty in understanding spoken words (Receptive Aphasia)
what is the surface of the brain called?
the cerebral cortex
the cerebral cortex has a distinctive pattern, which are of the 2:
distinctive pattern of folds or bumps, known as gyri (singular: gyrus), and grooves, known as sulci (singular: sulcus).
what do the gyri and sulci of the cerebral cortex help us ?
These gyri and sulci form important landmarks that allow us to separate the brain into functional centers.
the brainstem is a portion of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem) and is responsible for ?
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
- midbrain
plays a crucial role in processing visual and auditory signals.
- midbrain
top-most part of the brainstem. It plays a crucial role in processing visual and auditory signals
- the pons
the pons is a bulging centre.It handles unconscious processes.
- the medulla
the medulla is at the base of the brainstem and The medulla contains control centres which control respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions.
classification of nerves (3 types)
- afferent nerves - sensory nerves that carry impulses towards the cns
- efferent nerves - motor nerves that carry impulses away from the cns
- mixed nerves - both sensory and motor nerves
the spinal cord extends from what region of the brainstem to what section of the spinal segments ?
the spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to the T12 region of the spinal cord
below T12, there are other segments of the spinal cord, what are they
L5 lumbar
S5 sacral
C1/2 coccgyeal
everything below T12 segment is called the?
cauda equina
what is the cauda equina ?
it is a collection of spinal nerves below the region of T12. so it includes, L5, S5, C1/2.
what is the term given to the membrane that covers the spinal cord
meninges
they cover and protect your spinal cord and brain
spinal cord anatomy: the grey matter is composed of
cell bodies/ soma of the neurons
spinal cord anatomy: the white matter is composed of
axons of the neurons; axons are covered in myelin sheath which are white giving it a white appearance
spinal cord anatomy: eachs egment of the spinal cord contains 1 pair of what 4 things ?
- anterior horns
- post horns
- ant roots
- post roots
where are the ventricles located ?
in the brain
how many/names of ventricles; which are
2 lateral
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle
location of the two lateral ventricles ?
cerebral hemisphere
the lateral ventricles have 3 horns which are
anterior horns ( frontal lobe )
posterior horns ( occipital lobe )
inferior horns ( temporal lobe )
location of third ventricle
in the thalamus ( runs along midline of diencephalon )
location of 4th ventricle
foramen luscha and foramen magendie
what are the four ventricles lined with
choroid plexus
the choroid plexus are composed of
ependymal cells
fuunction of ependymal cells
secrete CSF through ventricles and aroud the brain
what is CSF
CSF is a clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord providing a protective layer
the lateral ventricles (2) are connected to the 3rd ventricle by and opening; what is this opening called ?
interventricular foramen
how does the third ventricle communicate with the 4th ventricle
cerebral aquaduct
there are 3 openings in the 4th ventricle that allow CSF to flow; what space does the CSF flow into ?
subarachnoid space
what ventricle does the CSF leave the ventricular system via
4th ventricle
what are the three types of meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
dura mater
- thick outer cover
- lies next to skull
- venous sinuses
arachnoid mater
- spiderweb appearance
- space contains CSF
pia mater
- thin membrane
- highly vascular membrane ( hella bv’s)
what is the epidural space
space above dura mater
what is the subdura space
space between the dura and arachnoid mater
what is the subarachnoid space
space between the arachnoid and the pia mater
- filled with CSF
- contains loads of bv’s
