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surgery 2: neurosurgery > lecture 1: neuroanatomy > Flashcards

lecture 1: neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system divisions

A

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

CNS consists of

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS consists of

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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4
Q

what two components do the brainstem connect

A

the brainstem connects the brain and spinal cord together

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5
Q

divisions of the ns
- mention each division

A
  • cns
  • pns
  • pns further divides into autonomic and somatic
  • autonomic further divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic.
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6
Q

PNS

A

involuntary nervous system. That regulayes internal enviornment of body. PNS carries signals from organs to CNS and CNS to internal organs. It’s responsible for heart beat, digestion, respiration, etc

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7
Q

somatic nervous system

A

contains nerves that carry sensory signals from body to CNS and nerves that carry motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscles.
the somatic nervous system is associated with voluntary movement.

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the autonomic nervous system is associated with involuntary movement.

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9
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

carries signals that put our body on alert. this system helps increase energy. e.g. you are in a frightening situation, the heart rate will increase via the sympathetic system. furthermore, causing BP to increase, stimulating the sweat glands.
the sympathetic NS is associated with fight or flight response

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10
Q

parasympathtic nervous system

A

carrie signals that help relax the body. it helps conserve energy. e.g. when you eat a meal, stimulation of digestion occurs, salivation increases and heart rate decreases. parasympathetic nervous system involves rest and digestory responses.

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11
Q

the brain is split into 3 main divisions which are called?

A
  1. prosencephalon (diencephalon = thalamus and hypothalamus & telencephalon = lateral ventricles and cerebral cortex, basal ganglia)
  2. mesencephalon ( midbrain )
  3. rhombencepahlon ( mylencephalon =medulla oblongata, 4th ventricle & metacephalon = cerebellum, pons, 4th ventricle)
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12
Q

7 main components that provide CNS with protection

A
  1. skin
  2. scalp
    3.skull
  3. vertebral column
  4. meninges
  5. CSF
  6. blood-brain barrier
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13
Q

the brain has three main parts; which are

( c, c, bs)

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

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14
Q

the cerebrum is further divided into two;

A

largest part of the brain - left and right hemispheres.

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15
Q

the cerebellum

A

located at the back of your head, just above and behind where your spinal cord connects to your brain itself. it is believed to help co-ordinate your muscle movement.

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16
Q

what connects the left and right hemispeheres together and what does it help do ?

A

the corpus callosum; it transports information from one side of the brain to the other side of the brain

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17
Q

what is the left hemisphere responsible for ?

A

speech production, language production, comprehension, writing

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18
Q

what is the right hemisphere responsible for ?

A

creativity, artistic skills, attention, memory, problem solving

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19
Q

within each hemisphere contains lobes, which are known as

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
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20
Q

what is the frontal lobe responsible for ?

A

behaviour, emotions, planning, solutions

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21
Q

clinical value of frontal lobe ?

A

aggitated
aggressive
changed behaviour
speaking problems as brocas area is within the frontal lobe, body movement impairment ( as the pre-central gyrus is within the frontal lobe), intelligence

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22
Q

what is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

language, touch, pain, pressure, sensory; sensory processes.

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23
Q

clinical value of parietal lobe?

A

Difficulty with drawing objects.
Difficulty in distinguishing left from right.
Spatial disorientation and navigation difficulties.
Problems with reading (Alexia)
Inability to locate the words for writing (Agraphia)
Difficulty with doing mathematics (Dyscalculia)Difficulty with drawing objects.
Difficulty in distinguishing left from right.
Spatial disorientation and navigation difficulties.
Problems with reading (Alexia)
Inability to locate the words for writing (Agraphia)
Difficulty with doing mathematics (Dyscalculia). the post-central gyrus is in the parital lobe so sensory impairment.

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24
Q

what is the temporal lobe responsible for ?
clinical value of temporal lobe?

A

speech production, processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory and contains wernickles area.

  • Difficulty in understanding spoken words (Receptive Aphasia)
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25
Q

what is the surface of the brain called?

A

the cerebral cortex

26
Q

the cerebral cortex has a distinctive pattern, which are of the 2:

A

distinctive pattern of folds or bumps, known as gyri (singular: gyrus), and grooves, known as sulci (singular: sulcus).

27
Q

what do the gyri and sulci of the cerebral cortex help us ?

A

These gyri and sulci form important landmarks that allow us to separate the brain into functional centers.

28
Q

the brainstem is a portion of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem) and is responsible for ?

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla
29
Q
  1. midbrain
A

plays a crucial role in processing visual and auditory signals.

30
Q
  1. midbrain
A

top-most part of the brainstem. It plays a crucial role in processing visual and auditory signals

31
Q
  1. the pons
A

the pons is a bulging centre.It handles unconscious processes.

32
Q
  1. the medulla
A

the medulla is at the base of the brainstem and The medulla contains control centres which control respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions.

33
Q

classification of nerves (3 types)

A
  1. afferent nerves - sensory nerves that carry impulses towards the cns
  2. efferent nerves - motor nerves that carry impulses away from the cns
  3. mixed nerves - both sensory and motor nerves
34
Q

the spinal cord extends from what region of the brainstem to what section of the spinal segments ?

A

the spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to the T12 region of the spinal cord

35
Q

below T12, there are other segments of the spinal cord, what are they

A

L5 lumbar
S5 sacral
C1/2 coccgyeal

36
Q

everything below T12 segment is called the?

A

cauda equina

37
Q

what is the cauda equina ?

A

it is a collection of spinal nerves below the region of T12. so it includes, L5, S5, C1/2.

38
Q

what is the term given to the membrane that covers the spinal cord

A

meninges

they cover and protect your spinal cord and brain

39
Q

spinal cord anatomy: the grey matter is composed of

A

cell bodies/ soma of the neurons

40
Q

spinal cord anatomy: the white matter is composed of

A

axons of the neurons; axons are covered in myelin sheath which are white giving it a white appearance

41
Q

spinal cord anatomy: eachs egment of the spinal cord contains 1 pair of what 4 things ?

A
  1. anterior horns
  2. post horns
  3. ant roots
  4. post roots
42
Q

where are the ventricles located ?

A

in the brain

43
Q

how many/names of ventricles; which are

A

2 lateral
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

44
Q

location of the two lateral ventricles ?

A

cerebral hemisphere

45
Q

the lateral ventricles have 3 horns which are

A

anterior horns ( frontal lobe )

posterior horns ( occipital lobe )

inferior horns ( temporal lobe )

46
Q

location of third ventricle

A

in the thalamus ( runs along midline of diencephalon )

47
Q

location of 4th ventricle

A

foramen luscha and foramen magendie

48
Q

what are the four ventricles lined with

A

choroid plexus

49
Q

the choroid plexus are composed of

A

ependymal cells

50
Q

fuunction of ependymal cells

A

secrete CSF through ventricles and aroud the brain

51
Q

what is CSF

A

CSF is a clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord providing a protective layer

52
Q

the lateral ventricles (2) are connected to the 3rd ventricle by and opening; what is this opening called ?

A

interventricular foramen

53
Q

how does the third ventricle communicate with the 4th ventricle

A

cerebral aquaduct

54
Q

there are 3 openings in the 4th ventricle that allow CSF to flow; what space does the CSF flow into ?

A

subarachnoid space

55
Q

what ventricle does the CSF leave the ventricular system via

A

4th ventricle

56
Q

what are the three types of meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

57
Q

dura mater

A
  • thick outer cover
  • lies next to skull
  • venous sinuses
58
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • spiderweb appearance
  • space contains CSF
59
Q

pia mater

A
  • thin membrane
  • highly vascular membrane ( hella bv’s)
60
Q

what is the epidural space

A

space above dura mater

61
Q

what is the subdura space

A

space between the dura and arachnoid mater

62
Q

what is the subarachnoid space

A

space between the arachnoid and the pia mater
- filled with CSF
- contains loads of bv’s

surgery 2: neurosurgery (8 decks)

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