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Repro > Lecture 1 - Male repro system > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Male repro system Flashcards

1
Q

Passage and production of semen

A
  1. Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules
  2. Sperm travels to the rete testes
  3. Then through efferent ductules to the head of the epididymis where sperm matures and becomes motile
  4. Via the vas deferens which joins to the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct, sperm travels to the urethra.
  5. Semen passes through the preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, bulbous and spongy urethra
  6. Exits via the navicula fossa
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2
Q

What does the seminal vesicle do?

A

Produces 65% of the ejaculatory fluid

Contains:
Fructose - nutrition for sperm
Coagulation factors - coagulates sperm when ejaculated

Alkaline - neutralises acidic pH in vagina

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3
Q

What does the prostate gland do?

A

Produces 25% of the ejaculatory fluid

Contains:
Proteolytic enzymes - break down clotting factors

Slightly acidic

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4
Q

Cowper’s gland (bulbourethral gland)

A

Secretes a thick alkaline mucus-like fluid
Decreases friction
Neutralise pH of urine before ejaculation

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5
Q

What happens at the head of the epididymis

A

Sperm matures
Fluid is absorbed
Sperm becomes more concentrated and motile

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6
Q

Tunica albinginea

A

White coat of connective tissue covering the seminiferous tubules.

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7
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

Serous peritoneum that enveloped the testes

Containing a parietal and visceral layer with a cavity in between

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8
Q

Hydrocoele

A

Fluid can accumulate within the tunica vaginalis causing a hydrocoele.

Can see via transillumination of the scrotum.

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9
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Within the seminiferous tubules

Stimulated by FSH to produce sperm

Removes cytoplasm
Sperm shrinks and becomes more streamlined

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10
Q

Leydig cells

A

Stimulated by LH to produce testosterone

Rich in SER for lipid metabolism to make testosterone and have big nuclei

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11
Q

Where are leydig cells located

A

In the interstitium between the seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

Testicular blood supply

A

Testicular artery arises from abdominal aorta

The pampiniform plexus of veins wrap around the artery

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13
Q

Left testicular vein

A

Drains into the left renal vein and then the IVC

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14
Q

Counter current heat exchange

A

The pampiniform plexus wraps around the testicular artery with blood flow in opposite directions to maintain a temperature of 35 degrees

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15
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the testes

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes - spread during testicular malignancies

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16
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the scrotum

A

Inguinal nodes (superficial)

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17
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles

A

Internal and external iliac nodes

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18
Q

Varicocoele

A

If the pampiniform plexus is obstructed due to e.g. renal pathology, the veins may enlarge forming a varicocoele

  • feels like a bag of worms
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19
Q

Testicular torsion

A

If the tunica vaginalis extends more superiorly, it can twist along its axis and compress the spermatic cord which can occlude venous drainage

Medical emergency - blood can be restricted and lead to ischaemia therefore loss of testes

If one teste is necrosed immune privilege is lost so antigens are detected and attack the contralateral teste

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20
Q

How to treat testicular torsion

A

Surgery - make an incision and detangle testes

Orchiopexy - Can permanently fix the teste to the scrotum wall and prevent torsion

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21
Q

Septum of scrotum

A

Testes cannot swap sides due to the septum separating them

22
Q

Descent of testes

A

The gubernaculum connects the bottom of the scrotum to the pole of the testes and guides the testes down through the abdominal wall without penetration.

Once at the scrotum the gubernaculum becomes the scrotal ligament

Allowing testes to exist at optimum temperature

23
Q

Inguinal canal

A

Because the testes evaginates in the abdominal wall it forms the inguinal canal

24
Q

3 layers of spermatic fascia

A 
External fascia (EO)
Cremasteric fascia (IO)
Internal fascia (TF)
25
Q

3 layers of spermatic muscle

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversalis fascia

26
Q

3 arteries supplying the spermatic cord

A

Testicular artery
Artery to vas deferens
Cremasteric artery

27
Q

3 veins supplying the spermatic cord

A

Pampiniform plexus of veins
Vein to vas deferens
Cremasteric veins

28
Q

3 nerves of the spermatic cord

A

Ilioinguinal nerve
Sympathetic to the vas deferens
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (cremasteric)

29
Q

3 other

A

Vas deferens
Obliterated processus vaginalis
Lymphatics

30
Q

Cremasteric fascia

A

Contains muscle fibres which make up the cremasteric muscle and pull testes up higher when cold

31
Q

Water under the bridge

A

Ureters pass underneath the testicular artery and vas deferens

32
Q

Vasectomy

A

Vas deferens is sectioned and sealed to prevent sperm from entering the urethra thus preventing fertilisation.

Sperm count decreases but there is no difference to the ejaculate as sperm makes up only 2-5%

33
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

The vas deferens and seminal vesicles join to form the ejaculatory ducts (x2) which travel through the prostate gland into the urethra posteriorly

34
Q

BPH

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia - enlargement of the prostate gland particularly the transitional zone which compresses the urethra

35
Q

Where do prostate cancers tend to be located

A

Peripheral zone - superficial

May not affect urinary flow

36
Q

How much volume do the testes and epididymis contribute towards the ejaculatory fluid?

A

10%

37
Q

2 types of tissue in the penis

A

Corpus cavernosum

Corpus spongiosum

38
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

Expansile tissue which the urethra travels through

Patent during passage of sperm

39
Q

Corpus cavernosum

A

Paired tissue
Main erectile tissue
Attached to bone

40
Q

Catheterisation

A

2 bends in the penis make it hard to catheterise

Therefore:

  • Straighten penis
  • Pull penis down
41
Q

Functions of a penis

A

Expulsion of urine via the urethra
Expulsion of sperm
Removal of competitors sperm
Attraction of mates

42
Q

What causes an erection and what controls it?

A

Vasodilation of penile arterioles and compression of penile veins

Controlled by the parasympathetic NS

43
Q

How is an erection terminated and what controls it? (Ejaculation)

A

The sympathetic NS causes vasoconstriction of the penile arterioles and dilation of the vein

44
Q

Penis enlargement

A

Cut suspensory ligaments of penis to the pubic symphysis so hangs lower but doesn’t increase length when erected

45
Q

Tunica albuginea of penis

A

White lining of penis around the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum which holds the penis in the correct position when erect .

Collagen fibres are transverse and longitudinal which holds shape

46
Q

Blood supply of the penis

A

Penile artery from the internal pudendal artery

47
Q

Causes of scrotal swelling

A

Inguinal hernia
Testicular torsion
Hydroceole
Testicular tumour

48
Q

How to discriminate between a testicular hernia and testis swelling

A

Transillumination - hydrocoele

Palpate - can’t palpate an inguinal hernia above the lump

49
Q

Why is a varicocele more common on the left?

A

The left testicular drains into the left renal vein before it drains into the IVC therefore renal vein pathology can affect the left testicular vein

50
Q

Why do hydroceles get bigger when a male coughs or cries?

A

Use of abdominal muscles increase intra-abdominal pressure

Therefore peritoneal fluid moves down and more is collected in the tunica vaginalis space

51
Q

Crime steroid reflex

A

Slightly stroking the superior, inner thigh
Causes immediate contraction of the cremesteric muscle that pulls up the testis

  • rules out testicular torsion

Repro (20 decks)

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