Lecture 1 - Introduction, Gross Anatomy and Histology Flashcards
What are the anatomical components of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
What are the functions of the urinary system?
Remove metabolic waste in blood
Regulate plasma electrolytes and BP
Stabilises pH
Reabsorbs small molecules (e.g. amino acids, glucose, peptides)
What hormone do the kidneys produce?
EPO (erythropoietin)
What is the function of EPO?
Stimulate RBC production by the bone marrow
How does the urinary system remove metabolic waste from blood?
Via filtration and excretion
How does the urinary system maintain BP and plasma electrolyte concentrations?
RAAS
Are the kidneys retroperitoneal or peritoneal?
Retroperitoneal
At what vertebral level do the kidneys sit?
T12-L3
Which of the right and left kidney is lower?
Right is lower
What are the layers of the kidney capsule and fascia surrounding it?
Kidneys –> renal capsule –> perienal fat –> renal fascia –> pararenal fat
Where is the first constriction of the ureter?
As it passes over the inferior kidney pole
Where is the second constriction of the ureter?
As it passes over the external iliac vessels
Where is the third constriction of the ureter?
As it tranverses the bladder wall (intramural ureter)
What structures leave the renal hilum (in order from anterior to posterior)?
VAP:
Vein
Artery
Pelvis (renal pelvis)
What artery are the renal arteries branches of?
Abdominal aorta
What are the branches of the renal arteries?
Segmental branches (x5) –> interlobular –> arcuate branches (pass around circumference) –> interlobular branches
What do the interlobular arterioles supply?
Each nephron
Where do the renal veins drain?
Into the IVC
What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?
Lateral aortic LNs
What is the sympathetic supply to the kidneys?
T10-L1
What is the sensory afferent supply to the kidneys?
T11-L2
What are the different parts of the male urethra called?
Intramural
Prostatic
Intermediate (membranous)
Spongy (penile)
What is the sympathetic supply to the detrusor?
T10-L2
What is the parasympathetic supply to the bladder?
S2-4
Which of the urethral sphincters is voluntary?
External
What nerve roots control the external sphincter (somatic nerves as they it is voluntary control)?
S2-4
Which part of the ANS contracts the detrusor during micturition?
Parasympathetic
Which part of the ANS contracts the internal urethral sphincter during ejaculation?
Sympathetic
What is the narrowest part of the male urethra?
Membranous
The transpyloric plane passes through which vertebral level?
L1
What is a nepgron?
Renal corpuscles + renal tubules
What is the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus + bowmen’s capsule
What is a uniferous tubule?
Nephron + collecting duct
What do you see on the histology of the kidney cortex?
Renal corpuscles
Proximal convoluted tubules
Distal convoluted tubules
Collecting tubules
What do you see on the histology of the kidney medulla?
Proximal convoluted tubules
Distal convoluted tubules
Loop of Henle
Collecting tubule
What kind of epithelium lines the ureters?
Transitional epithelium
Describe the appearance of the lumen of the ureter?
Star shaped lumen
How many layers of muscle are there in the ureters?
Inner longitudinal smooth muscle
Outer circular smooth muscle
What kind of epithelium lines the bladder?
Transitional epithelium
What are the layers of the bladder?
Epithelium
Inner longitudinal smooth muscle
Middle circular smooth muscle
Outer longitudinal smooth muscle
