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Musculoskeletal system > Lecture 1- Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

3 major components of the MSK

A

bone

muscle

connective tissue

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2
Q

are all skeletal muscles voluntary

A

no- postural

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3
Q

function of bone

A
  • Support
  • Protection

◦Skull

◦Sternum

• Metabolic

◦Calcium and phosphate

• Storage

◦Calcium, phosphate and fat

  • Movement
  • Haematopoiesis

◦In adults
◦In babies liver and spleens

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4
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A
  • Locomotion
  • Posture
  • Metabolic
    • Store glycogen
  • Venous return
    • Deep veins in the legs
    • Pumps blood back up to the heart
  • Heat production
    • E.g. shivering
  • Continence
    • Constant contraction of urethra and anus
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5
Q

function of conenctive tissue

A
  • Tendons
    • Force transmission muscle-bone
      • High amounts of collagen, less elastin
      • Stability of joints
  • Ligaments
    • Support bone-bone
  • Fascia (sheets of connective tissue) ◦Compartmentalisation ◦Protection
    • E.g. deep fasica
    • E.g. think of when we skinned the limbs
  • Cartilage
    • Articular
    • Hyaline
      • Very well hydrated
      • Slippy
      • Blue in colour
      • Decrease friction
  • Fibrocartilage
    • Shock absorption
    • Between the vertebra
    • In the knee
    • Increase bony congruity
  • Synovial membrane
    • Secretes synovial
  • Bursa
    • Synovial fluid-filled sacs to protect tendons, ligaments etc from friction
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6
Q

tendon

A

Force transmission muscle-bone

‣ High amounts of collagen, less elastin

‣ Stability of joints

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7
Q

ligaments

A

supports bone to bone

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8
Q

fascia

A

◦Compartmentalisation ◦Protection

‣ E.g. deep fasica
◦E.g. think of when we skinned the limbs

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9
Q

cartilage: articular

A

Hyaline
• Very well hydrated

  • Slippy
  • Blue in colour

‣ Decrease friction

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10
Q

cartilage: fibrocartilage

A

Shock absorption

Between the vertebra

In the knee

‣ Increase bony congruity

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11
Q

synovial membrane

A

secrete synovial fluid

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

bursa

A

synovial fluid- filled sacs to protect tendons, ligaments etc friction

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14
Q

bone connective tissue

A

ECM- fibres and ground substance

  • In bone calcified - CaPO4(gives bone strength)

Bone is dense connective tissue

  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

osteoblasts

A

lay down osteoid and build bone

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17
Q

how do osteoblasts build bone

A

Lay down bone and step back, lay down bone and step back

Traps osteoblasts in osteoid that is calcified—> osteocytes (trapped osteoblast in lacunae

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18
Q

osteocytes communicate via

A

via cytoplasmic processes (think cannuculi )

◦Transmit signals

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19
Q

osteocytes are important for

A

sensing stresses and strains in the bone

◦Will cause growth

◦Why exercise helps build bone

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20
Q

osteoblasts

A

◦Multinucleated
◦Related to macrophages
◦Release acidic substances and dissolve the bone —> releasing calcium

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21
Q

cortical bone strucutre (compact bone)

A

◦A bunch of pencils being held together ◦Haversion and volkmanns canals

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

classification of bone

A

long

short

flat

sesamoid

irregular

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24
Q

long bone

A

◦Bone longer than wide

◦Very good lever

◦Humerus

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25
Q

short

A

◦Bone as long as wide
◦Tarsals
◦Work together to give a range of movement
◦Gives points of attachment to for ligaments and tendons

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26
Q

flat

A

intramembranous ossification

◦For protection

◦Skull

◦Sternum

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27
Q

sesmoid

A

◦Protects tendons
◦E.g. patella
◦Shaped like a sesame seed

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28
Q

irregular

A

vetebra

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29
Q

bony prominences- muscle attachments

A

Areas where bones are close to the surface (called “bony prominences”) and areas that are under the most pressure are at greatest risk for developing pressure sores.

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30
Q

body prominences size

A
  • Their size tells us about the muscle that attaches to it
    • Small- not a powerful muscle that attaches
    • If big site- must be a powerful muscle that attaches
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31
Q
A
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32
Q

grooves

A

related to nerves

  • impression on bones- no free space in body
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33
Q

bone blood supply

A

each bone has multiple blood supply

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34
Q

Depending of let right dominance, bone will be

A

thicker in dominant arm/ leg • very dynamic

◦Due to osteoclasts and blasts

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35
Q

joints

A

Connects one bone to another

  • Great variation in range of movement
  • Highest risk of dislocation
  • Range of movement versus stability
36
Q

classification of joint

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial joints
37
Q

fibrous joints

A

◦Two bones glued to eachother using collagen

◦Won’t move very much
◦For areas that need great stability and strands

e.g. teeth and skull

38
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

◦Glue is cartilage (more flexib;e than pure collagen fibres)

‣ Limited mobility (more than fibrous)

‣ Found at end of growing bones or along the midline of the body

◦Sites of growth e.g. epiphyseal plate

39
Q

synovial joint

A

◦Separates bones are capped by smooth articulate cartilage with a thin film of synovial fluid

separating them
‣ Secreted by synovial membrane

◦Like egg white ◦Frequently highly mobile ◦Found all over the skeleton

40
Q
A
41
Q

classification of synovial joints

A

plane joint

hinge joint

pivot

saddle

condyloid

ball and socket

42
Q

plane joint

A

Two flat surfaces sliding over eachother

‣ E.g. in the foot (tarsals)

43
Q

hinge

A

◦Moving in a single plane

◦E.g. elbow

44
Q

pivot

A

rotational

45
Q

saddle

A

◦Between thumb and carpal ◦Constrained motion
◦Two different planes of movement

46
Q

condyloid

A

◦In the wrist
◦Eclipse shaped joint

◦Alllows flexion and extension

◦No rotation of the the wrist

47
Q

ball and socket

A

◦Hip and shoulder
◦Round head of femur moving into another joint

◦Allows movement in many planes

48
Q

development of synovial joints using knee as an example

A

Arise form cartilage models of bone (hyaline)

1) Where joints form a load of chondrocytes die and leave a gap
2) Perichodnrium remains and forms the capsule of the joint and contributes to

49
Q
A
50
Q

joints as levers

A
  • first-class lever
  • second-class lever
  • third-class lever
51
Q
A

Mechanical advantage

Ardvark long olecranon

  • On the right
  • For strength for digging

Sloth- short olecranon

  • Don’t need as much strength
52
Q

The origin is usually the

A

stationary proximal anchord pointt

53
Q

The insertion is usually the

A

mobile distal attachment point

54
Q

characteristic of muscle contractin

A

Muscle contraction is symmetrical exerting equal force on origin and insertion

55
Q

muscles can only

A

PULL

THEY CANNOT PUSH

56
Q

Muscles can onyl act on the

A

joints they cross

57
Q

the action of a muscle on a joint is a function of the

A

orientation of its fibres of those fibres to the joints

58
Q

muscles work …… and almost never in…

A

◦Muscle work together and almost NEVER in isolation

‣ CNS coordinates

59
Q

types of contraction

A

Concentric concraction

Eccentric contraction

Isometric contraction

60
Q

Concentric contraction

A

muscle pull while shortening (e..g bicep curls)

61
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Muncle puls while lengthening (knee extensors walking downhill)

62
Q

Isometric contraction

A

muscle pulls while staying same length (carrying a load)

63
Q

muscles can

A

1) shortens
2) lengthens
3) stays the same

always pullling

64
Q

muscles are found within

A 
within fascia (deep) compartments
◦The muscles within a compartment share a common innervation and action (generally)

◦Same nerve supply and blood supply
◦Just need to learn one nerve

65
Q

types of muscles

A

parallel

fusiform

sphincter

triangular

pennate

66
Q

parallel muscle

A

lengthen and not always that powerful

67
Q

fusiform

A

◦Can fit in more muscle fibres

◦More powerful

68
Q

sphincter

A

◦Parallel muscle bent into a circle

◦To close things

‣ Eye

‣ Anus

69
Q

triangular muscle

A

◦Deltoid

◦Gives more diversity in action

70
Q

pennate (feather)

A

Can’t shorten (as much as parallel) much but have loads fo muscle fibres meaning they are very powerful

71
Q

predicting muscle action

A

where does it attach?

how many joints does it cross?

how is it related to the joints?

what direction do the fibres run in?

72
Q

connective tissue are

A

All physically connected to eachother

Continuity between periosteum, joint capsule, tendon, epimysium and bone collagen matrix

73
Q

Anatomists and histologists have different names for different things…Superficial fascia=

A

subcutaneous fat

74
Q

deep fascia=

A

epimysium of muscle

75
Q

name the fascia of the thigh

A

fascia lataa

  • deep dascia
76
Q

tendons

A

• parallel collagen fibres connecting muscles to bones

77
Q

ligaments

A
  • Connects bone to bone
  • Develops from perichondrium
    • Usually thickening of the connective tissue
  • Limit movement
78
Q

aponeurosis

A

Flattened tendon (sheet like)

in the head

Abdominal wall (no muscle- richi collagen)

Plantar fascia (plantar aponeurosis)

79
Q

innervation of joints- Hiltons law

A

the innervation of joints is the same as the muscle and skin over the sites of insertion

80
Q
A
81
Q

Basic principles of musculoskeletal development- Body segmentation due to which gene

A

HOX gene

82
Q

homeostatic mustants 1

A

• some people have 6 lumbar instead of 5

83
Q

homeostatic mutant 2

A

extra-fingers- polydactyl

84
Q

homeostatic mutant 3

A

extra cervical rib

–>man compress vessels/ nerves

85
Q

the power of serial homologus

A
86
Q

upper limbs rotate..

A

out 90 decreases

87
Q

lower limbs rotates

A

in 90 degrees

Musculoskeletal system (7 decks)

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