Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Understanding human diversity > Lecture 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is diversity?

A

distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what percentage of people are in the +/-1 deviation in a normal distribution?

A

68.2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what percentage of people are in the +/-2 deviation in a normal distribution?

A

95.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what percentage of people are in the +/-3 deviation in a normal distribution?

A

99.7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

4 domains of human behaviour

A
  • Cognitive capabilities (i.e. intelligence)
    • Personality
    • Emotions
    • Physical and mental health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 levels of explanation

A
  • Innate (e.g. genetic) factors
    • Environmental (e.g. cultural) factors
    • Neurobiological (e.g. neural activation) factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the Flynn effect describe?

A

environmental effect on cognitive abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what did the Flynn effect show?

A
  • Each generation was slightly more intelligent than previous generation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

differential psychology

A

Study of individual differences (aspects of cognition, emotion, motivation, behaviour, abilities, health, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does differential psychology study?

A

how and why people differ
- Evaluation of the processes underlying observed individual differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

who were the pioneers in differential psychology?

A

Galton and Spearman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what did Galton do in terms of differential psychology?

A

individual differences of talent and character (1865), index of correlation (1888)

intelligence theory and research; spearman (1904) idea of general intelligence which still dominates psychology today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what did Spearman do in terms of differential psychology?

A

factor analysis (1904) allowing data-driven study

intelligence theory and research; spearman (1904) idea of general intelligence which still dominates psychology today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

example of an early study on individual differences (Heyman)

A
  • Heymans early empirical studies
    ○ Coded 110 historical figures on 88 personality characteristics and on 3 major personality traits to build classification of personality types (1908).
    ○ Large scale questionnaire study (1927), observer data from roughly 400 family doctors for 2415 individuals from 437 families
    ○ Concluded impulsivity in hereditary to between 42 and 48%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

early-20th century advancements in differential psychology

A
  • Rapid development of intelligence and personality testing:
    ○ IQ test introduced (Simon-Binet test, 1905)
    ○ IQ tests used to screen immigrants at Ellis Island in US
    ○ IQ as ratio of mental age to chronological age (Stern, 1914)
    ○ Introduction of ability (Army Alpha test) and emotional testing for military selection
    ○ Advancement in psychometrics - the theory and technique of measurement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mid-20th century advancements in differential psychology

A
  • Late 1940’s to mid 1960’s major time for theorising about individual differences.
    ○ Cattell distinguished between surface and source traits and dynamic ability and stable temperaments.
    § Later developed fluid-crystallised g model of intelligence, and the sixteen personality factors inventory (16PF)
    ○ Eysenck started using behavioural measures to search for consistency in individual differences.
    § Developed biological theory of personality (PEN model)
17
Q

late-20th century advancements in differential psychology

A
  • Between mid 1960s and late 1980s turn away from studying individual differences
    • Behaviourism dominated psychology
    • 1990s - personality and differential psychology were active area for research
    • Steadily accumulated body of evidence indicating most self-report personality inventories can be explained by so-called ‘Big-Five’ dimensions
    • A number of influential studies showed predictive values of personality and ability variables in occupational settings.
18
Q

from 2000s advancements in differential psychology

A
  • Late 1990s - revival of interest in individual differences.
    • Differential psychology increasingly applied in other settings.
    • Research methodology expanded beyond self-report questionnaires:
      ○ (data collection) experience sampling methodology
      ○ (data analysis) structural equation modelling, multilevel modelling
      ○ (experimental paradigm) priming tasks, implicit association test
19
Q

what happened in the decade after the decade of the brain?

A
  • 1990s designated to decade of the brain by US Congress.
    • Neuroscience bloomed in decade after
    • MRI and fMRI enables observation of brain structure and activities associated with individual differences.
      ○ Association between intelligence and cortical thickness in frontal and temporal lobes
      ○ Heightened left hemisphere reactivity associated with approach temperament
      ○ Patients with PTSD showed smaller amygdala volume in MRI
20
Q

examples where MRI and fMRI enables observation of brain structure and activities associated with individual differences.

A

○ Association between intelligence and cortical thickness in frontal and temporal lobes
○ Heightened left hemisphere reactivity associated with approach temperament
○ Patients with PTSD showed smaller amygdala volume in MRI

21
Q

what led to a rise in behavioural genetics?

A
  • Conventional family studies, twin studies and adoption studies allow heritability of traits to be estimated.
    • Behaviour genetics techniques enable identification of specific genes related to individual differences in phenotypes.
    • Updated knowledge may end nature-nurture debate.
22
Q

explain the person vs situation argument

A
  • Theories and research in individual difference often decontextualised
    • Movement towards ‘situated person’ (emphasis on importance of situation in behaviours - Mischel and Shoda, 2010)
    • Bloom of cross-cultural psychology since 1980s has raised awareness to role of socio-cultural contexts in individual differences and implications to their measurements
      ○ E.g. structure of personality found to differ across cultures, such that the Big Five may not apply well to some Asian cultures.
23
Q

what are the future directions in differential psychological research?

A
  • Advancement in research methodology enabling development of theories
    • Individual difference now typically accounted for by multiple perspectives integrating genetic, neurobiological and environmental/socio-cultural accounts
    • Boundaries between cognition, emotion, motivation, etc. now seen as artificial, as is the mind-body separation.

Understanding human diversity (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions