Lecture 1: Intro to Physiology & Homeostasis: MPAS 5512 Flashcards
1
Q
What is genomics? What project was accomplished?
A
study of all genomes of an organism
the Human Genome Project
2
Q
What is the Physiome Project?
A
goal: produce models of physiology
method: use known molecular, cellular, & physiological information
Circulatory system: model circulation through heart and vessels so that we can see what happens when we have issues like heart failure or murmurs
3
Q
What are the 8 levels of organization from smallest to largest?
A
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Organism
- chemical level: atoms + atoms = molecules
- cellular level: molecules + molecules (ex: smooth muscle cell)
- Tissue level: similar types of cells + similar types of cells (ex: smooth muscle tissue cells coming together)
- Organ level: different types of tissues (ex: smooth, connective, and epithelial tissue coming together to form a blood vessel which is an organ)
- Organ system level: different organs coming together (ex: heart and blood vessels working together)
- Organism level: many organ systems coming together (ex: a human)
4
Q
Atoms (#)
A
smallest chemical units
5
Q
Molecules (#)
A
(2)
Atoms working together
6
Q
Organelles (#)
A
(3)
Molecules working together
7
Q
Cells (#)
A
(4)
Organelles working together
8
Q
Tissues (#)
A
(5)
Similar cells working together
9
Q
Organs (#)
A
(6)
Different tissues working together
10
Q
Organ Systems (#)
A
(7)
Different organs working together
11
Q
Organism (#)
A
(8)
A functioning individual
12
Q
Where do we all “start” in terms of levels of organization?
A
chemical level: atoms combined to form molecules
13
Q
chemical level
A
atoms combined to form molecules
14
Q
Levels of organization of a muscle
A
- Chemical level (protein molecules)
- Organelle level (protein filaments)
- Celluar level (muscle cells - myocytes)
- Tissue level (cardiac smooth muscle)
- Organ level (heart)
- Organ system level (circulatory system)
15
Q
Levels of organization related to fields of study
A
16
Q
what is the smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out all life processes? What level of organization do they fall under?
A
Cells
molecular biology level
17
Q
What are the 10 organ systems? Identify the following:
- master controllers
- master defenders
- support system
- transport system
- connect with outside world
A
18
Q
What is the urinary system also called?
A
The renal system
renal = kidney
19
Q
What is the renal system also known as?
A
urinary
20
Q
What two organ systems are known as the “master controllers” ?
A
nervous & endocrine
21
Q
What two system(s) are known as the “master defenders” ?
A
Immune & Integumentary
22
Q
What organ system(s) is/are part of the transport system?
A
circulatory
23
Q
What organ system(s) is/are connected with the outside world?
A
- respiratory
- digestive
- urinary (renal = kidney)
- reproductive
24
Q
System Name: Circulatory
Includes:
Representative Functions:
A
Includes: heart, blood, vessels, blood
Representative Functions: transport materials between all cells of the body
25
System Name: Digestive
Includes:
Representative Functions:
Includes: stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas
Representative Functions: conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body;
elimination of waste
26
System Name: Endocrine
Includes:
Representative Functions:
Includes: thyroid, gland, adrenal gland
Representative Functions: coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules
27
System Name: Immune
Includes:
Representative Functions:
Includes: thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
Representative Functions: defense against foreign invaders
28
System Name: Integumentary
Includes:
Representative Functions:
Includes: skin
Representative Functions: protection from external environment
29
System Name: Musculoskeletal
Includes:
Representative Functions:
Includes: skeletal, muscles, bone
Representative Functions: support and movement
30
System Name: Nervous
Includes:
Representative Functions:
Includes: brain, spinal cord
Representative Functions: coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules
31
System Name: Reproductive
Includes:
Representative Functions:
Includes: ovaries and uterus, testes
Representative Functions: perpetuation of the species
32
System Name: Respiratory
Includes:
Representative Functions:
Includes: lungs, airways
Representative Functions: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments
33
System Name: Urinary
Includes:
Representative Functions:
Includes: kidneys, bladders
Representative Functions: maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment;
waste removal
34
what is physiology?
describes the FUNCTIONS of the structures
individual and cooperative functions
includes physical and chemical processes
35
what is anatomy?
describes the STRUCTURES of the body
components: what makes up structures
physical association with other structures
where the structures are located
36
Anatomy or Physiology:
includes physical and chemical processes
physiology
37
What term explains WHY?
Function
- teleological approach
- how does this help an animal survive (adaptive significance)
38
Function & Mechanism: Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
function: cells need oxygen and red blood cells bring it to them
mechanism: oxygen binds to hemoglobin molecules contained in red blood cells
translational research: understanding how RBCs carry O2 leads to treatments to improve delivery of O2 to cells
38
What term explains HOW?
Mechanism
- a mechanistic approach
- required for functions to happen
39
translational research
"bench to bedside"
uses studies of mechanisms to provide function and treatment
40
what are the molecules of focus for physiology? They are ______ kind of interaction
proteins
these are molecular interaction
41
Compartmentalization
Allows cells, tissues, and organs to specialize & isolate functions
Microscopic: cell membranes & macroscopic: body cavities
42
Physiology Theme 1
43
Necessary Life Functions Slide
44
Physiology Themes 4&5
44
Physiology Themes 2&3
45
what are the 5 survival needs of the body?
1. Nutrients
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Temperature
5. Atmospheric Pressure
46
What are nutrients?
macronutrients: carbohydrates, fats (energy), proteins (building)
micronutrients: vitamins, minerals, electrolytes (chemical reactions)
47
where is oxygen most abundant, what is it used for?
earth's crust
used to create energy, converted to CO2
48
what percent of body mass is water? what is water used for?
70%
respiration, metabolism, transport solvent, temperature buffer
49
what does temperature affect?
affects speed of chemical reactions and shapes of molecules
50
what is atmospheric pressure and what does it do?
keeps gasses within the body
keeps nitrogen dissolved in body fluids
51
who said this quote:
"the constancy of the internal environment is the condition for a free and independent life."
Claude Bernard
52
3 terms from Claude Bernard
internal environment "milieu intérieur"
Multicellular organisms: Surrounded by external
environment of air or water
Cells in the body: Surrounded by liquid internal
environment of extracellular fluid
Most of our body’s cells interact with the external
world through the internal environment.
53
ICF vs. ECF
ICF: intracellular fluid (inside cell)
ECF: extracellular fluid - around cell (buffer between ICF & outside world"
54
external fluid is a buffer between ______ and the _______ ________.
cells, outside world
55
what researcher is associated with homeostasis?
Walter Cannon
"The Wisdom of the Body"
56
Homeostasis
The internal environment stays within a range of values, not a fixed value.
Steady-state conditions require that any tendency to change is met with factors that resist change.
57
what variables are under homeostatic control
1. environmental factors affecting cells
2. materials for all cell needs
3. internal secretions having general, continuous effects
58
T/F homeostasis=equilibrium
false
59
what is equilibrium?
Equilibrium: when compartment contents are identical (They aren’t)
60
homeostasis exists across _________
compartments
relative stability of the body's internal environment
dynamic steady-state: no NET flow between compartments
61
T/F body compartments are not at equilibrium
TRUE
Equilibrium: when compartment contents are identical (They aren’t)
62
compartments are in a state of relatively_________ , __________
stable disequilibrium
organisms maintain a dynamic steady-state that is not identical
63
Homeostasis: Success and Failure Slide (26)
63
Steady-State Disequilibrium Slide
64
Homeostasis and disease slide (27)
65
The science of physiology slide (28)
66
Scientific Method (x,y axis)
x-axis: quantifies independent variable (time or quantifiable)
ex: # hours spent studying for the exam
y-axis: quantifies the dependent variable
ex: # of questions answered correctly on an exam
67
what is the origin on a graph
intersection of x and y axis
68
bar graph
1. independent variables are distinct entities (diets A, B, C)
2. each bar is a set of observations
69
line graph
1. Independent variable is continuous (time, temperature, weight)
2.Each point is a set of observations
3.Connecting the points with lines allows estimation of values between dots
70
Scatter Plot
1. Plotting the relationship between 2 variables
2. Each point is an INDIVIDUAL observation
3. Dots are not connected, but can overlay a trend
71
Summary: Points to Ponder Slide
72
Organelles working together are called: _______________
cells (multiple organelles inside a cell)
73
what are organs?
multiple tissues form an organ
74
which organ system is connected directly to the external environment?
A. lungs
B. digestive
C. musculoskeletal
D. immune
digestive
all other options are not directly connected to outside world
75
A jogger has stepped in a pothole. He wet his pants, lacerated his skin, and sprained his ankle. Which organ systems have suffered damage?
Musculoskeletal and integumentary
NOT urinary!
76
You performed an experiment to test whether or not student
participation in polls during class produces higher test scores.
How would you graph this data?
77
bar graph
1. each bar is a group
2. each bar is a set of observations
78
line graph
1. independent variable is continuous (time, temp, weight)
2. each point is a SET of observations
3. dots are NOT connected but can overlay a trend line
79
scatter plot
1. plots relationship between two variables
2. each point is an INDIVIDUAL observation
3. dots are not connected, but can have a trend line
80
pathophysiology
failure of homeostasis
ex: diabetes mellitus
81
what is physiology?
an integrative science describing function across many levels of organization.
complex system with emergent properties.
every level has function
82
what is the difference between mechanism and function?
function: WHY does it happen?
- teleological. "why do we need this, how does it help the organism survive?"
- adaptive significance
mechanism: HOW does it happen?
- mechanistic approach
- what is required? what are the parts, how do they function together?
translational research:
mechanism+function
"bench to bedside" for TMTs
83
What do we all start as?
molecules and atoms
83
what are the molecules of focus for physiology?
protein molecules
84
sickle cell disease
change in 1 amino acid in hemoglobin protein molecule
85
what is compartmentalization?
what allows cells, tissues, and organs to specialize & isolate functions
ex: cell membrane
microscopic: cell membranes
macroscopic: body cavities
86
What are the 4 things organisms need energy for in order to survive?
1. growth
2. movement
3. reproduction
4. homeostasis
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