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Physiology Exam 1 > Lecture 1: Intro to Physiology & Homeostasis: MPAS 5512 > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro to Physiology & Homeostasis: MPAS 5512 Flashcards

1
Q

What is genomics? What project was accomplished?

A

study of all genomes of an organism

the Human Genome Project

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2
Q

What is the Physiome Project?

A

goal: produce models of physiology

method: use known molecular, cellular, & physiological information

Circulatory system: model circulation through heart and vessels so that we can see what happens when we have issues like heart failure or murmurs

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3
Q

What are the 8 levels of organization from smallest to largest?

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules
  3. Organelles
  4. Cells
  5. Tissues
  6. Organs
  7. Organ Systems
  8. Organism
  9. chemical level: atoms + atoms = molecules
  10. cellular level: molecules + molecules (ex: smooth muscle cell)
  11. Tissue level: similar types of cells + similar types of cells (ex: smooth muscle tissue cells coming together)
  12. Organ level: different types of tissues (ex: smooth, connective, and epithelial tissue coming together to form a blood vessel which is an organ)
  13. Organ system level: different organs coming together (ex: heart and blood vessels working together)
  14. Organism level: many organ systems coming together (ex: a human)
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4
Q

Atoms (#)

A

smallest chemical units

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5
Q

Molecules (#)

A

(2)
Atoms working together

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6
Q

Organelles (#)

A

(3)
Molecules working together

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7
Q

Cells (#)

A

(4)
Organelles working together

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8
Q

Tissues (#)

A

(5)
Similar cells working together

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9
Q

Organs (#)

A

(6)
Different tissues working together

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10
Q

Organ Systems (#)

A

(7)
Different organs working together

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11
Q

Organism (#)

A

(8)
A functioning individual

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12
Q

Where do we all “start” in terms of levels of organization?

A

chemical level: atoms combined to form molecules

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13
Q

chemical level

A

atoms combined to form molecules

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14
Q

Levels of organization of a muscle

A
  1. Chemical level (protein molecules)
  2. Organelle level (protein filaments)
  3. Celluar level (muscle cells - myocytes)
  4. Tissue level (cardiac smooth muscle)
  5. Organ level (heart)
  6. Organ system level (circulatory system)
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15
Q

Levels of organization related to fields of study

A
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16
Q

what is the smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out all life processes? What level of organization do they fall under?

A

Cells

molecular biology level

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17
Q

What are the 10 organ systems? Identify the following:
- master controllers
- master defenders
- support system
- transport system
- connect with outside world

A
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18
Q

What is the urinary system also called?

A

The renal system
renal = kidney

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19
Q

What is the renal system also known as?

A

urinary

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20
Q

What two organ systems are known as the “master controllers” ?

A

nervous & endocrine

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21
Q

What two system(s) are known as the “master defenders” ?

A

Immune & Integumentary

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22
Q

What organ system(s) is/are part of the transport system?

A

circulatory

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23
Q

What organ system(s) is/are connected with the outside world?

A
  1. respiratory
  2. digestive
  3. urinary (renal = kidney)
  4. reproductive
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24
Q

System Name: Circulatory
Includes:
Representative Functions:

A

Includes: heart, blood, vessels, blood

Representative Functions: transport materials between all cells of the body

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25
Q

System Name: Digestive
Includes:
Representative Functions:

A

Includes: stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas

Representative Functions: conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body;
elimination of waste

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26
Q

System Name: Endocrine
Includes:
Representative Functions:

A

Includes: thyroid, gland, adrenal gland

Representative Functions: coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules

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27
Q

System Name: Immune
Includes:
Representative Functions:

A

Includes: thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
Representative Functions: defense against foreign invaders

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28
Q

System Name: Integumentary
Includes:
Representative Functions:

A

Includes: skin
Representative Functions: protection from external environment

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29
Q

System Name: Musculoskeletal
Includes:
Representative Functions:

A

Includes: skeletal, muscles, bone
Representative Functions: support and movement

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30
Q

System Name: Nervous
Includes:
Representative Functions:

A

Includes: brain, spinal cord

Representative Functions: coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules

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31
Q

System Name: Reproductive
Includes:
Representative Functions:

A

Includes: ovaries and uterus, testes

Representative Functions: perpetuation of the species

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32
Q

System Name: Respiratory
Includes:
Representative Functions:

A

Includes: lungs, airways

Representative Functions: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments

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33
Q

System Name: Urinary
Includes:
Representative Functions:

A

Includes: kidneys, bladders
Representative Functions: maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment;
waste removal

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34
Q

what is physiology?

A

describes the FUNCTIONS of the structures

individual and cooperative functions

includes physical and chemical processes

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35
Q

what is anatomy?

A

describes the STRUCTURES of the body

components: what makes up structures

physical association with other structures

where the structures are located

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36
Q

Anatomy or Physiology:

includes physical and chemical processes

A

physiology

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37
Q

What term explains WHY?

A

Function
- teleological approach
- how does this help an animal survive (adaptive significance)

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38
Q

Function & Mechanism: Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

A

function: cells need oxygen and red blood cells bring it to them

mechanism: oxygen binds to hemoglobin molecules contained in red blood cells

translational research: understanding how RBCs carry O2 leads to treatments to improve delivery of O2 to cells

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38
Q

What term explains HOW?

A

Mechanism
- a mechanistic approach
- required for functions to happen

39
Q

translational research

A

“bench to bedside”

uses studies of mechanisms to provide function and treatment

40
Q

what are the molecules of focus for physiology? They are ______ kind of interaction

A

proteins

these are molecular interaction

41
Q

Compartmentalization

A

Allows cells, tissues, and organs to specialize & isolate functions

Microscopic: cell membranes & macroscopic: body cavities

42
Q

Physiology Theme 1

A
43
Q

Necessary Life Functions Slide

A
44
Q

Physiology Themes 4&5

A
44
Q

Physiology Themes 2&3

A
45
Q

what are the 5 survival needs of the body?

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Temperature
  5. Atmospheric Pressure
46
Q

What are nutrients?

A

macronutrients: carbohydrates, fats (energy), proteins (building)

micronutrients: vitamins, minerals, electrolytes (chemical reactions)

47
Q

where is oxygen most abundant, what is it used for?

A

earth’s crust

used to create energy, converted to CO2

48
Q

what percent of body mass is water? what is water used for?

A

70%

respiration, metabolism, transport solvent, temperature buffer

49
Q

what does temperature affect?

A

affects speed of chemical reactions and shapes of molecules

50
Q

what is atmospheric pressure and what does it do?

A

keeps gasses within the body

keeps nitrogen dissolved in body fluids

51
Q

who said this quote:

“the constancy of the internal environment is the condition for a free and independent life.”

A

Claude Bernard

52
Q

3 terms from Claude Bernard

A

internal environment “milieu intérieur”

Multicellular organisms: Surrounded by external
environment of air or water

Cells in the body: Surrounded by liquid internal
environment of extracellular fluid

Most of our body’s cells interact with the external
world through the internal environment.

53
Q

ICF vs. ECF

A

ICF: intracellular fluid (inside cell)

ECF: extracellular fluid - around cell (buffer between ICF & outside world”

54
Q

external fluid is a buffer between ______ and the _______ ________.

A

cells, outside world

55
Q

what researcher is associated with homeostasis?

A

Walter Cannon

“The Wisdom of the Body”

56
Q

Homeostasis

A

The internal environment stays within a range of values, not a fixed value.

Steady-state conditions require that any tendency to change is met with factors that resist change.

57
Q

what variables are under homeostatic control

A
  1. environmental factors affecting cells
  2. materials for all cell needs
  3. internal secretions having general, continuous effects
58
Q

T/F homeostasis=equilibrium

A

false

59
Q

what is equilibrium?

A

Equilibrium: when compartment contents are identical (They aren’t)

60
Q

homeostasis exists across _________

A

compartments

relative stability of the body’s internal environment

dynamic steady-state: no NET flow between compartments

61
Q

T/F body compartments are not at equilibrium

A

TRUE

Equilibrium: when compartment contents are identical (They aren’t)

62
Q

compartments are in a state of relatively_________ , __________

A

stable disequilibrium

organisms maintain a dynamic steady-state that is not identical

63
Q

Homeostasis: Success and Failure Slide (26)

A
63
Q

Steady-State Disequilibrium Slide

A
64
Q

Homeostasis and disease slide (27)

A
65
Q

The science of physiology slide (28)

A
66
Q

Scientific Method (x,y axis)

A

x-axis: quantifies independent variable (time or quantifiable)
ex: # hours spent studying for the exam

y-axis: quantifies the dependent variable
ex: # of questions answered correctly on an exam

67
Q

what is the origin on a graph

A

intersection of x and y axis

68
Q

bar graph

A
  1. independent variables are distinct entities (diets A, B, C)
  2. each bar is a set of observations
69
Q

line graph

A
  1. Independent variable is continuous (time, temperature, weight)

2.Each point is a set of observations

3.Connecting the points with lines allows estimation of values between dots

70
Q

Scatter Plot

A
  1. Plotting the relationship between 2 variables
  2. Each point is an INDIVIDUAL observation
  3. Dots are not connected, but can overlay a trend
71
Q

Summary: Points to Ponder Slide

A
72
Q

Organelles working together are called: _______________

A

cells (multiple organelles inside a cell)

73
Q

what are organs?

A

multiple tissues form an organ

74
Q

which organ system is connected directly to the external environment?

A. lungs
B. digestive
C. musculoskeletal
D. immune

A

digestive

all other options are not directly connected to outside world

75
Q

A jogger has stepped in a pothole. He wet his pants, lacerated his skin, and sprained his ankle. Which organ systems have suffered damage?

A

Musculoskeletal and integumentary

NOT urinary!

76
Q

You performed an experiment to test whether or not student
participation in polls during class produces higher test scores.
How would you graph this data?

A
77
Q

bar graph

A
  1. each bar is a group
  2. each bar is a set of observations
78
Q

line graph

A
  1. independent variable is continuous (time, temp, weight)
  2. each point is a SET of observations
  3. dots are NOT connected but can overlay a trend line
79
Q

scatter plot

A
  1. plots relationship between two variables
  2. each point is an INDIVIDUAL observation
  3. dots are not connected, but can have a trend line
80
Q

pathophysiology

A

failure of homeostasis
ex: diabetes mellitus

81
Q

what is physiology?

A

an integrative science describing function across many levels of organization.

complex system with emergent properties.

every level has function

82
Q

what is the difference between mechanism and function?

A

function: WHY does it happen?
- teleological. “why do we need this, how does it help the organism survive?”
- adaptive significance

mechanism: HOW does it happen?
- mechanistic approach
- what is required? what are the parts, how do they function together?

translational research:
mechanism+function
“bench to bedside” for TMTs

83
Q

What do we all start as?

A

molecules and atoms

83
Q

what are the molecules of focus for physiology?

A

protein molecules

84
Q

sickle cell disease

A

change in 1 amino acid in hemoglobin protein molecule

85
Q

what is compartmentalization?

A

what allows cells, tissues, and organs to specialize & isolate functions
ex: cell membrane

microscopic: cell membranes

macroscopic: body cavities

86
Q

What are the 4 things organisms need energy for in order to survive?

A
  1. growth
  2. movement
  3. reproduction
  4. homeostasis
87
Q
A
87
Q
A
88
Q
A
89
Q
A
90
Q
A

Physiology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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