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(C) CM 1B: ID/EENT > Lecture 1: Intro to Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro to Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

Fibrous: Sclera and Cornea
Vascular: Iris, pupil, ciliary body, choroid
Neural: Retina, photoreceptors, optic nerve

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2
Q

What kind of humor fills the anterior and posterior sections of the eye?

A

Anterior: Aqueous humor
Posterior: Vitreous humor

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3
Q

What are the macula and fovea?

A

Macula: pigmented center of the retina.
Fovea: Center of the macula itself. Highest area of visual acuity.

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4
Q

When I look at something close by, what happens to my lens?

A

It gets thicker.

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5
Q

What are the focal point and refraction?

A

Focal point: where light focuses on the retina. Good vision requires a focal point precisely on the retina.

Refraction: Bending light to produce a focused image on the retina.

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6
Q

What is myopia and how is it corrected?

A

Myopia is nearsightedness, so you require a concave lens to diverge the light. It will make objects smaller than they appear.

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7
Q

What is the mnemonic for myopia vs hyperopia?

A

Need Medical Doctors for Healthy Children.
Near Myopia diverging
Far Hyperopia converging

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8
Q

What is hyperopia and how is it corrected?

A

Farsightedness, aka nearby objects look blurry.
The lens is focusing light past the retina.

Corrected via a convex lens to magnify objects.

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9
Q

What kind of lens is a magnifying glass?

A

Convex. Focuses light to a closer point.

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10
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember a concave lens’ refraction?

A

Cave diver.
Concave divergent.

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11
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Light reflecting to multiple focal points.
It is caused by irregular cornea/lens shape.

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12
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Age related farsightedness.
Loss of mobility and focusing power of lens.
Requires reading glasses to correct.

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13
Q

What is keratoconus?

A

Thinning of cornea, resulting in blurred vision, photosensitivity, and glare. Unknown etiology, but often pts have hx of corneal transplants or vision correction.

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14
Q

What are the two photoreceptors of the retina? Which one does what?

A

Cones = color (RGB)
Rods = black and white

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15
Q

What two parts of the eye lack blood vessels?

A

Cornea and Lens

They get their nutrients from aqueous humor.

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16
Q

What is the main purpose of aqueous humor? What makes it?

A

Maintaining intraocular pressure.
Made by the ciliary body.

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17
Q

What is the main purpose of vitreous humor?

A

Maintaining eyeball shape and holding lens in place.
More jelly-like.

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18
Q

What is glaucoma characterized by exam wise?

A

Cupping of the optic desk on ophthalmic exam.

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19
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness? Second?

A

Leading: CATARACTS
second: glaucoma

20
Q

What part of the nervous system controls pupillary dilation and constriction?

A

Dilation = Sympathetic
Constriction = Parasympathetic

21
Q

What is anisocoria?

A

One pupil larger than the other.

22
Q

What is a marcus gunn pupil/relative afferent pupillary defect? (RAPD)

A

Normal consensual response.
NO DIRECT response.

23
Q

What is Horner’s triad?

A

PAM Horner
Ptosis
Anhidrosis
Miosis (excessive pupillary constriction)

Miosis is most apparent in dim light.

24
Q

What physical feature would make us suspect Horner’s syndrome?

A

Associated heterochromia (diff eye colors)

25
Q

What is adie’s pupil/tonic pupil?

A

Slow or lack of pupillary reaction to light.
Often associated with diminished DTRs. (Holmes-Adie syndrome)
Common in women 30-40.

26
Q

What is argyll-robertson pupil?

A

Pupils restricting only to accommodation but not light.
Hallmark of tertiary syphilis!!!!

Usually bilateral.

ARP
(Accomodation reflex present.
Pupillary reflex absent!)

27
Q

What is the most common exam finding for cataracts?

A

No red reflex.

28
Q

What non-eye chronic conditions can prompt a fundoscopic exam?

A

HTN
Diabetes

29
Q

What are cotton wool spots and what causes them?

A

Soft exduates, like clouds on the retina.

MC: Diabetic retinopathy and HTN retinopathy.

30
Q

What is retinal detachment often described as and what is the MC?

A

Like a curtain coming down on the eye.

MC: Diabetic neuropathy.

31
Q

How does papilledema present?

A
  • Ill-defined margins
  • Disc elevation
  • Venous distension and tortuosity
  • Obscured disk
  • Lack of venous pulsations
32
Q

How does retinal vein occlusion often present?

A

Widespread hemorrhaging, creating a blood and thunder fundus.

33
Q

What exam finding is highly suggestive of a central retinal artery occlusion?

A

Red cherry spot on the fovea.

Also boxcar segmentation

34
Q

What is A-V nicking? MC?

A

Artery crossing vein.
Compresses small vein.

MC: HTN retinopathy.

35
Q

What condition is the MC for copper and silver wiring?

A

HTN retinopathy

36
Q

What is copper and silver wiring?

A

Atherosclerotic vessel wall thickening and chronic HTN.
Copper is the early stages.
Silver is late stages.

37
Q

What are hard exudates? MC?

A

Small, white/yellow blotches with distinct borders.
Diabetic retinopathy.

38
Q

What are flame hemorrhages? MC?

A

Necrotic vessels bleeding into the nerve fiber layer.
Diabetic/HTN retinopathy

39
Q

What are dot-blot aneurysms?

A

Microaneurysms erupting in deep retina.

40
Q

What is neovascularization? MC?

A

Ischemia/damage causing VEGF release. Many new vessels forming.
Diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration

41
Q

What is retinal drusen? MC?

A

Yellow deposits under the retina, mainly in the macular region.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

42
Q

What differentiates hard exudates from retinal drusen?

A

Retinal drusen is macula centered.
Hard exudates are typically spread out everywhere.

43
Q

What is a slit lamp usually used to examine?

A

Anterior chamber of the eye.

44
Q

What is a fluorescein stain usually used to check for?

A

Corneal abrasions, ulcers, and foreign bodies.

45
Q

What are the steps to check for a corneal abrasion?

A
  1. Instill tetracaine to numb eye
  2. Apply fluoroscein stain to eye 60s later, ask pt to blink a few times.
  3. Use a wood’s lamp or cobalt blue filter.
  4. Uptake indicates corneal abrasion

(C) CM 1B: ID/EENT (27 decks)

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