Lecture 1 Intro to ANS (Aka since when are there 5 muscarinic receptors)

Question 1

NT for parasympathetic neurons (PANS)= _____. What are the two exogenous agonists? _____ and _____. Bind _____ receptors

Answer 1

Ach; nicotine and muscarine;

cholinergic

Question 2

NT for symp neurons? ____ and ____. bind _____ receptors

Answer 2

NE and epinephrine; adrenergic

Question 3

Sympathetic system: ____ preganglionic nerves; synapse where?; _____ post-ganglionic

Parasymp: _____ preganglonic, synapse where?; _____ post ganglionic

Answer 3

short, vertebral/paravertebral ganglion; long

long; ganglion in walls of tissue; short

Question 4

All pre-ganglionic nerves release ____ on to post ganglionic nerves expressing ____ receptors

Answer 4

Ach; Nicotinic

Question 5

Parasympathetic post-ganglionic nerves release ___ onto organs expressing ____ receptors

Answer 5

Ach; Muscarinic

Question 6

sympathetic post-ganglionic nerves primarily release _____ that binds to ____ receptors

Answer 6

NE, adrenergic

Question 7

sympathetic post-ganglionic nerves innervating the ____ release Ach acting on muscarinic receptors acting on the ____ ____ ____

Answer 7

skin;

thermoregulatory sweat glands

Question 8

Sympathetic post ganglionic nerves innervating the ___ release dopamine, binding to D1 receptors and causing ____

Answer 8

kidney; vasodilation

Question 9

Innervation of the adrenals causes release of of ___ and ___, acting as _____ transmission

Answer 9

NE, epi; neurohumoral

Question 10

What muscarinic receptors are found post-synaptically?

Which ones are pre-synapctic?

Answer 10

M1, 3, 4 some, 5;

M2, M4

Question 11

What muscarinic receptors act as inhibitor auto-receptors?

Answer 11

M2, M4

Question 12

Ach is metabolized by Achesterase into ____ and ____

Answer 12

acetate, choline

Question 13

Choline is transported back into the synapse by _____. _____ then transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-coa to choline to reform Ach

Answer 13

ChT (choline transporter);

ChAT (choline acetyltransferase)

Question 14

Ach is taken back up into synaptic vesicles by ______

Answer 14

vAchT (vesicular Ach transporter)

Question 15

What adrenergic receptors are found post-synpatically?

Which are pre-synaptic?

Answer 15

alpha (a) 1, beta (b) 1, b2;

a2, b2

Question 16

tryosine is converted into dopa by ____. Dopa is converted into dopamine by ____. dopamine is transformed into NE by ____, and then taken up into vesicleas

Answer 16

tyrosine hydroxylase;
aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
dopamine Beta hydroxylase;

Question 17

After release, NE is transported back into the synapse by ____. In the axon, NE is either metabolized by ____ into dihydroxyphenylglycol or taken up into vesicles by _____

Answer 17

NET (NE tranpsorter);
monoamine oxidase;
vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)

Question 18

post-synpatically, NE is metabolized by _____ into _____

Answer 18

catechol-methyl transferase (COMT);

normetanephrine

Question 19

what do methylphenidate and amphetamines block? what does this cause?

Answer 19

VMAT;

causes enhanced NE and Dopa release

Question 20

“-mimetic agents” act as receptor ____. “-olytic agents” act as receptor ____

Answer 20

agonists;

antagonists

Question 21

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are found in the ____, ____, and ____

Answer 21

ganglia, skeletal muscle, CNS

Question 22

Nicotinic receptors act as ____ ____ consisting of 5 subunits

Answer 22

ion channels

Question 23

Muscarinic receptors are ___ ___ receptors
Gq coupled ones are ________
Gi coupled ones are _____

Answer 23

G-protein coupled;
M1, 3, 5;
M2, 4

Question 24

M2 is located primarily in the ______
M1, 4, 5 are primarily located in the _____.
M3 is ____

Answer 24

heart, bladder;
CNS;
ubiquitous

Question 25

M3 receptors are located ___-synaptically and are Gq coupled. Binding causes an increase in ____ via the ____ pathway.

Answer 25

post; Calcium; Phospholipase c/ip3/DAG cause neuronal activation

Question 26

M2 receptors are located ___-synaptically and ____ NT release via a ___ protein. This protein causes a _____ in cAMP production, _____ PKA activity, and ____ calcium transport

Answer 26

pre; inhibit, Gi; decrease, decreased, reduced

Question 27

Alpha 1 receptor = ____ coupled Alpha 2 receptor = ____ coupled Beta 1 = _____ coupled Beta 2 = ____ coupled

Answer 27

Gq, Gi, Gs, Gs "QISS"

Question 28

Eye: | radial muscles contain ___ receptors. stimulation causes ____ of the radial muscles and ____ of the eye.

Answer 28

alpha 1; constriction, dilation (mydriasis)

Question 29

eye: the circular muscles contain ____ receptors. upon activation, the muscle constricts and causes pupillary _____. in addition, these receptors are on the ____ muscle which causes accommodation.

Answer 29

M3; constriction (miosis) ciliary

Question 30

eye: b2 receptors are expressed in the _____ ____. this causes an ____ in secretion of aqueuos humor. ____ these receptors could be useful in treating glaucoma

Answer 30

ciliary endothelium; increase; blocking

Question 31

blood vessels: alpha 1 receptors are located on the _____ ____ ___. these receptors respond to _____. Alpha 1 receptors are also near the junction of ____ ____ ____. These respond to _____. Both cause vaso___

Answer 31

vascular smooth muscle; innervation vascular endothelial cells; epi in blood stream; vasoconstriction

Question 32

activation of ___ receptors on skeletal muscle causes relaxation and vaso____.

Answer 32

b2; dilation

Question 33

B2 activation causes an ____ of intracellular cAMP, causes a ____ of PKA and Epac-->____ phosphorylation of muscles controlling muscle tone-->broncho____

Answer 33

increase; increase; increase; | dilation

Question 34

M3 receptors on endothelial and smooth muscle cells respond to ______ Ach. Activation of _____ causes release of NO--> vasodilation, overcoming the vasoconstriction caused by _______.

Answer 34

exogenenous (ie cholinergic drugs); endothelial cells; smooth muscle cells

Question 35

In pathologies such as atherosclerosis, binding of M3 receptors on ____ ____ ____ overpowers those on ____ ____ ____, overall causing vaso____

Answer 35

smooth muscle cells; damaged endothelial cells; vasoconstriction

Question 36

Dominant ANS receptors in heart>

Answer 36

M2, B1

Question 37

binding of ___ receptors causes an increase in HR (____ response) by acting on the ____; and increase in force of contraction (____ response) by acting on the ___ binding of ____ receptors do the opposite

Answer 37

B1; chronotropic, SA node inotropic, cardiomyocytes M2

Question 38

Activation of M3 in the lung causes broncho_____ and _____ release of mucus. Activation of ____ causes muscle relaxation and bronchodilation

Answer 38

constriction, increased; B2

Question 39

Apocrine sweat glands are found where? contain ___ receptors. These are activated during ____ and cause what response?

Answer 39

armpits, genitalia, palms; alpha 1; stress-->sweating and piloerection

Question 40

Eccrine sweat glands are found where? Contain ___ receptors Activated during ___ and cause what response?

Answer 40

all over the skin; M3; high heat; sweating (ie thermo-regulation)

Question 41

salivary glands: activation of Alpha _ and beta __ receptors causes ____ secretion. Activation of M _ receptors causes ____ secretion

Answer 41

1, 2, decreased (ie dry mouth) 3; increased (ie contract salivary glands-->salivation)

Question 42

GI: | ____ receptors on the smooth muscle wall causes relaxation. ____ receptors cause smooth muscle wall contraction

Answer 42

alpha2, beta2; | M3

Question 43

GI: | ___ receptors cause contraction of sphincters. ____ receptors inhibit secretion while ____ receptors increase it.

Answer 43

alpha 1; alpha 2 | M1 & M3

Question 44

Bladder: detrussor main muscarinic receptor? activation causes? detrussor main adrenergic receptor? activation casues?

Answer 44

M3, contraction of bladder; | B3, relaxation

Question 45

Bladder: muscles surrounding the urethra contain ___. activation causes _____. the external urethral sphincter is controlled by ____

Answer 45

Alpha 1, contraction; somatic NS

Question 46

Receptor that causes erection? Receptor that is involved with ejaculation?

Answer 46

M3, Alpha 1

Question 47

Receptor that causes uterine relaxation? Uterine contraction?

Answer 47

B2, Alpha 1

Question 48

Receptor that causes... glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis: _____ lipolysis in fat cells: ____

Answer 48

A1 and B2 | A1, and B1, B2

Question 49

receptor that causes.... increased renin secretion: _____ decreased insulin release: _____

Answer 49

Beta 1, | alpha 2