Lecture 1 Intro

Question 1

What are microbes ? Give 4 examples

Answer 1

Microorganisms; such as Bacteria, Fungi, Protists & viruses

Question 2

What is an Organism ?

Answer 2

” a living thing that is structured, react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt, maintain Homeostasis “

Question 3

What is a Cell?

Answer 3

self replicating unit that may be independent unit of life or sub-unit in a multicellular organism.

Question 4

Why should we study microbes?

Answer 4

To understand Human microbes, emerging infectious diseases and understand good and bad microbes.

Question 5

8 Benefits of microbes?

Answer 5

Antibotics, Bioremediation, chemical producers, Decomposers, enzymes, Fementers ( vinegar, cheese) , inslulin, photosynthesizers

Question 6

T/F - The production of human blood-clotting factors by E coli is an example of Bioremediation?

Answer 6

False / it treats contaminated water

Question 7

Who was called the Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology and reported the first animalcules (microbes) ?

Answer 7

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 8

What was Robert Hooke known for?

Answer 8

designed his microscopes and observed from a tree bark and discovered that there were living cells.

Question 9

Why use a microscope?

Answer 9

to identify atoms, cells, viruses under the naked eye of 100 micrometer

Question 10

Name 4 types of microscopes

Answer 10

Compound light, Dissection, Transmission and Scanning Electron

Question 11

What can be seen by a Compound Light Microscope and what is the max magnification?

Answer 11

slices or whole live or dead specimen and max mag. 1000x

Question 12

What can be seen by a Dissection Microscope and what is the max magnification?

Answer 12

Cheap and simple limited resolution; Whole, live or dead specimen and max mag. 100x

Question 13

What can be seen by a Transmission Electron Microscope and the max magnification?

Answer 13

Very high resolution cannot observe surfaces; very thin slices, dead, gold stained, gray scale ; 50000000x

Question 14

What can be seen by a Scanning Electron Microscope and the max magnification?

Answer 14

Very detailed 3D ; whole, dead , gold stained ; 250000x

Question 15

What can be seen by a Confocal Microscopy ?

Answer 15

Widely used in research ; images of many slices and compile them.

Question 16

What are the three Parameters of Microscopy?

Answer 16

Magnification relies on focal length and image size ;Resolution measure clarity ; Contrast differences in details

Question 17

Cell Theory definition ? ( Early Hypothesis)

Answer 17

All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

Question 18

what are the four questions of the Golden age of Micro

Answer 18

1) Is spontaneous generation of mirco life possible
2) What causes fermentation
3) What causes diseases
4) How can we prevent infections and diseases

Question 19

Living organisms arise from nonliving matter due to vital force is _____ . This early hypothesis is proposed by who ?
A) Biogenesis/ Redis
B) Spontaneous generation/ Aristotle

Answer 19

B)

Question 20

What is Biogenesis? ( Early Hypothesis)

Answer 20

Living organisms arise from preexisting life

Question 21

What is the process of a scientific method ?

Answer 21

1) Make an observation& formulate a question 2) Make an Hypothesis -> Experiment & form another observation 3)Then see if the experiment supports your hypothesis or not

Question 22

In the scientific method what are the next steps if the experiment supports the theory?

Answer 22

It gets accepted and becomes a Theory or law. The theory and data is stronger if its repeated to see if you get the same results.

Question 23

In the scientific method what are the next steps if the experiment does not supports the theory?

Answer 23

Rejects Hypothesis and can then be modified to be experimented again

Question 24

Which of the following statements best describes how Pasteur’s experiment to disprove spontaneous generation differed from Needham’s experiment?

A- Needham followed Aristole’s logic, which has been proven more reliable than experiments.
B-Pasteur used a “swan-necked flask” to collect dust that could have inoculated the broth and led to growth.
C-Needham may not have boiled the broth sufficiently to kill all the microbes.

Answer 24

B- Pasteur used a “swan-necked flask” to collect dust that could have inoculated the broth and led to growth.

Question 25

Spallanzani's experiments contradicted the experiments of _____________ on spontaneous generation. - A Needham - B Redi - C Pasteur

Answer 25

-A Needham

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a step in Koch’s postulates, a modification of the scientific method that enabled researchers to identify microbes that cause infectious diseases? A-Bacteria photomicrograph of the causative agent must be taken. B-The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease. C-The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.

Answer 26

A-Bacteria photomicrograph of the causative agent must be taken.

Question 27

Pasteur observed that both bacteria and yeasts can cause fermentation in wine. Based on his results, Pasteur reasoned which of the following applications? A- Pasteur could prevent wine spoilage by using “swan-necked flasks.” B-Yeasts may be used to make beer if there were a shortage of grapes for wine. C-Boiling the grape juice long enough to kill anaerobic bacteria and then adding yeasts to the grape juice would allow for the desired fermentation products.

Answer 27

C-Boiling the grape juice long enough to kill anaerobic bacteria and then adding yeasts to the grape juice would allow for the desired fermentation products.

Question 28

Who started this and how did he classify microbes ?

Answer 28

Carolus Linnaeus , designed a system of naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms : Genus- Capitalized and Species - lower case

Question 29

What was Redi's hypothesis?

Answer 29

first to attempt to disprove the theory of Spontaneous Generation and H: If the meat is only covered with maggots in the open jar and I placed one piece of meat in a loosely netted jar and a completely sealed jar, then spontaneous generation does not exist.

Question 30

What was Redis Control group and experimental group?

Answer 30

CG=open jar | EG=completely sealed

Question 31

Spallanzani experiment ? and 2 critical points

Answer 31

sterilized the broth by boiling it in flasks, one flash was sealed, the other was left open. Proved Needham did not heat flask enough to kill microbes, micros came from air not broth. Critics : prolong heat killed "life force", and sealed flask didnt allow enough air for microbes to survive

Question 32

What theory did Needham support for his experiment ?

Answer 32

spontaneous generation ; He briefly boiled chicken broth to kill all preexisting microbes. He then sealed the flasks after allowing them to cool. he then observed that the broth had microbes. Critics : Introduced microbes when he waited for it to cool down.