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Immunology 2 > Lecture 1: Innate and Adaptive > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Innate and Adaptive Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the first line of defence in Innate system

A

Skin
Mucous Membranes
Secretion of the skin and mucous membranes

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2
Q

What makes up the second line of defence in Innate system

A

Phagocytic leukocytes
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflam response
Fever

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3
Q

What makes up the third line of defence in adaptive system

A

Lymphocytes
Antibodies
Memory Cells

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4
Q

What are the 3 components of the immune system

A

Organs
Cells
Molecule mediators

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5
Q

What are the primary and secondary lymphoid organs in the immune system?

A

Primary lymphoid organs:
Bone marrow
thymus

Secondary lymphoid organs:
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Musca associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Skin
Mucous membranes
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6
Q

What are the lymphocytes, granulocytes, phagocytes cells in the immune system?

A

Lymphocytes: B/T/NK cells
Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, mast cells
Phagocytic cells: Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

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7
Q

What are the molecules in the immune system?

A

Antibodies, cytokines, interleukins, interferons, complement

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8
Q

3 functions of the lymphoid system

A

Tissue drainage
Fat transport
Immune responses

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9
Q

Red Bone marrow: Lymphoid organ type, Description and function

A

Primary
In flat bones (ribs sternum, pelvis) and sometimes femur

Act as a major haemotpoietic tissue to form RBC, WBC, platelets

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10
Q

Thymus: Lymphoid organ type, Description and function

A

Primary

Butterfly shaped, bi lobed in mammals, located on the superior surface of the heart

Programmes the immune system to recognise ‘self’ and allows T cell maturation

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11
Q

Spleen: Lymphoid organ type, Description and function

A

Secondary

Lobular structure, located on the LHS of the abdomen between the 9th and 11th rib

Traps foreign material and remove damaged RBC and resvior for RBC, WBC and platelets

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12
Q

Lymph Nodes: Lymphoid organ type, Description and function

A

Small bean shaped found in clusters, found in neck, arm pits, groin

Filter lymph, trapping foreign bacteria and viral particles.

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13
Q

Facts about Bone marrow

A

Sponge-like tissue in bones

Two forms; red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

Contains Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets

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14
Q

Facts about Thymus

A

In mammals is bilobed

Located in the thorax

Each lobe is organised into lobules

Thymocytes; cortex (immature), medulla (mature)

Epithelial cells – role in differentiation of stem cells to T cells

Thymus ages as we age

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15
Q

Encapsulated organs/tissues

A

Spleen – responsive to blood borne antigens

Lymph nodes – antigens from tissues via the lymphoid system

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16
Q

Purpose of Encapsulated organs/tissues in the secondary lymphoid system

A

Secretion of antibodies into circulation and local cell mediated responses

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17
Q

Non Encapsulated organs/tissues

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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18
Q

Purpose of Non encapsulated organs/tissues in the secondary lymphoid system

A

identify antigens entering via mucosal epithelial surfaces

SIgA secreted onto the mucosal epithelial surfaces provides initial defence

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19
Q

What is MALT, found in clusters or solidarity, Example of locations in the body

A

Made up of collections of APCs and lymphocytes that are located just under the mucosae or skin

May be solitary or in clusters

e.g. Tonsils, adenoids, Peyer’s patches

20
Q

Cells of the Lymphoid System and BREIF description

A

B cells(B lymphocytes) make antibodies to fight an infection.

T cells(T lymphocytes) defend the body against disease and infection and control the immune response.

Natural killer cellsattack cells infected with a virus and abnormal cells, like cancer cell

21
Q

Key features of Innate immune system

A

First line of defence against pathogens

Already present before birth.

Found invertebrates and is the dominant immune system response found inplants, fungi, insects and primitive multicellular organisms

Is a rapid, non-specific host response

General immune responses
eg inflammation, complement activation and non-specific cellular responses

Consists of physical, chemical and cellular defenses against pathogens

Mediated by numerous cells including phagocytes, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils, as well as the complementsystem

Has no immunologic memory

22
Q

Main aim of innate immunity (2)

A

Provide a physical defence system to prevent infection

Inhibit/destroy infection on entry as soon as possible

23
Q

The major functions of the innate system

A

Identification (recognition) and removal of foreign substances

Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection eg cytokines

Activation of thecomplement system

Activation of theadaptive immune system – antigen presentation

24
Q

The components of the Innate System

A 
Barriers
Effector cells
Antimicrobial peptides
Soluble mediators
Seric proteins
Cellular receptors
25
Q

Epidermal layer of the skin has what types of cells

A

Epidermaldendritic cells(Langerhans cells)

Keratinocytes(skin cells)

26
Q

The Dermal layer of skin has what type of cells?

A

Dermaldendritic cells

Lymphocytes:T cells,B cells, natural killer (NK) cells)

Mast cells

27
Q

What causes lack of pathogen growth on the skin

A

(low moisture, low pH, secretes inhibitory substances, normal flora)

28
Q

Examples of natural barriers the body has for defence

A 
Lysoenzymes in tears
Skn surface (pH, fatty acids, flora)
Rapid pH change
Flushing of urinary tract
Normal flora
Stomach pH
Mucous lining 
Cilia causing movement
29
Q

Neutrophil facts and purpose

A

Neutophils 40-75% of all WBCs
First line of defence against all infections
Act by phagocytosing and present antigens

30
Q

Eosinophil facts and purpose

A

Eosinophils
1-6% of WBCs
Act against multicellular parasites by dissolving their surfaces
Involved in IgE-mediated allergic disorders

31
Q

Basophil facts and purpose

A

0-1% of WBCs

?role in inflammation, parasitic infections and allergic responses

32
Q

Innate cells: Macrophages purpose

A 
Tissue cells so not found in FBC
Derived from monocytes
Tidy up pathogens via phagocytosis
Perform antigen presentation
Can activate memory cells
Pseudopodia
33
Q

Innate cells: Dendritic cells purpose

A

Antigen presenting cells
Activate T helper cells and memory cells
Phagocytose
Langerhans cells- specialised cells in skin

34
Q

Innate cells: NKC cells purpose

A

Express CD16, CD56 and CD8
Innate and adaptive
Don’t require prior activation by specific antigens

35
Q

NK modes of killing and diagram

A

No killing, missing self killing, induced self killing

36
Q

How do innate cells recognise pathogen cells and triggers what

A

Relies on evolutionary conserved structures on pathogens
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Immune cells have a limited number of germ-line encoded
pattern-recognition receptors (PRR)
eg Toll-like receptors
PRRs recognise PAMPs and trigger intracellular signaling cascades
Triggers innate cellular and chemical response
Ultimately activate Adaptive immune response

37
Q

What are the pro inflam and ANTI inflam molceules

A

Pro-inflammatory (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, etc) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-12,

38
Q

Types of IFN’s and purpose

A

Type I IFNs present a potent antiviral effect by inhibiting viral replication, increasing the lysis potential of natural killer (NK) cells and the expression of MHC class I molecules on virus-infected cells

Type II IFN (IFN-γ) macrophage activation both in innate and adaptive immune responses.

Type III IFNs (IL-28/29) present similar biological effects to type I IFN, playing an important role in host defence against viral infections

39
Q

Draw out the complement process

A

Lecture Slide

40
Q

3 major events in inflam

A

Increased blood supply to the area

Increase in capillary permeability

Migration of leucocytes (neutrophils and macrophages and later lymphocytes) out of the capillaries and into the surrounding tissues – to go to site of infection.

41
Q

Inflam signs

A

redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- loss of function

42
Q

What controls inflam

A

Clotting system
Fibrinolytic (plasmin) system
Kinin system (Bradykinin)
Complement system

43
Q

Lab Tests

A

Complement
CRP
ESR

44
Q

Purpose of cytokines

A
  1. Mediate/regualte haemopoieis, inflammation, immune response
45
Q

Complement functions

A
  1. Oponisation
  2. Cell lysis upon MAC complex assmebly/insertion
  3. Release anaplyatoxins to increase local inflam

Immunology 2 (10 decks)

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