Lecture 1- History of Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards
Which of the following people did not support the functional localization of behaviour?
A) Brodmann
B) Broca
C) Flourens
D) Wernicke
C) Flourens
Who believed in Mentalism?
A) Aristotle
B) Hypocrates
C) Descartes
D) Charcot
A) Aristotle (believed mind was in the soul, the location of the soul was in the heart, brain was only for cooling blood)
What does the philosophical position of mentalism propose about the mind?
A) The mind is responsible for all intellectual function and is independent of the brain
B) The mind controls higher cognitive function and only interacts with the physical brain to control the body
C) All functions of the mind result from neural processes in the brain
A) The mind is responsible for all intellectual function and is independent of the brain
What does the theory of materialism propose about the brain?
A) The mind is responsible for all intellectual function and is independent of the brain
B) The mind controls higher cognitive function and only interacts with the physical brain to control the body
C) All functions of the mind result from neural processes in the brain
C) All functions of the mind result from neural processes in the brain
What does the philosophical position of dualism propose about the mind?
A) The mind is responsible for all intellectual function and is independent of the brain
B) The mind controls higher cognitive function and only interacts with the physical brain to control the body
C) All functions of the mind result from neural processes in the brain
B) The mind controls higher cognitive function and only interacts with the physical brain to control the body
What philosophical position did Hypocrates believe in?
A) Dualism
B) Materialism
C) Mentalism
B) Materialism- all mental processes come from the brain
What philosophical position did Descartes propose?
A) Dualism
B) Mentalism
C) Materialism
A) Dualism
Which region of the brain did Descartes think was essential for his theory of dualism?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Amygdala
C) Pinneal glad
B) Brainstem
C) Pinneal gland (because we only have 1, where as there are 2 of most other structures in the brain)
Which neurologist found that damage to the brain led to behaviour in patients with mental illness as opposed to a ‘disconnection’ as proposed by Descartes (dualism) prompting the reemergence of materialism?
A) Brodmann
B) Flourens
C) Charcot
D) Jackson
C) Charcot
Who is a famous neurologist that worked at the West Riding Pauper Lunatic Assylum and founded the journal ‘Brain’?
A) Jackson
B) Tyler
C) Johnson
D) Williams
Are different regions of the brain specialised for different functions?
A) Yes
B) No
C) Depends
A and C
What is phrenology?
Different areas responsible for different mental functions- thought there were bumps representing different areas- bigger areas mean better function (obvs not true)
What is equipotentiality?
A direct challenge to functional localisation. That any part of the brain can do any function. All intellectual faculties are a function of the whole brain
What did Flourens conclude from his experiments looking at functional localisation?
Size of lesion as opposed to location of lesion critical in disturbing animals behaviour (supporting equipotentiality)
What did Lashley conclude from his experiments looking at functional localisation?
Size of lesion as opposed to location of lesion critical in disturbing rats behaviour (supporting equipotentiality)
What is the name for disorders of language?
Aphasia
Which area of the brain would likely be damaged if an individual had difficulty producing language/ speech?
A) Broca’s area
B) Wernike’s area
A) Broca’s area
Which area of the brain would likely be damaged if an individual had difficulty processing language?
A) Broca’s area
B) Wernike’s area
B) Wernike’s area
Where are both Broca’s area and Wernike’s area located?
A) Left hemisphere
B) Right hemisphere
A) Left hemisphere
What happened to Phineas Gage?
He suffered brain trauma, damage to frontal lobe, completely changed his personality- very interesting
Who discovered the first/best way to show individual nerve cells?
A) Brodmann
B) Cajal
C) Golgi
C) Golgi (not first- but the best- showed about 10% of neurons)
What did Cajal propose about the structure of neurons?
They are individual nerve cells (separate entities) that communicate with each other
What did Golgi propose about the structure of neurons?
They are all connected (believed in equipotentiality)
Using new staining methods, what did Brodmann notice about the arrangement of neurons in the brain?
The organisation of neurons varied in different parts of the brain, cytoarchitecture- concluded different functions took part in different areas of the brain
What are some of the first mental processes measured to study behaviour around the 1860s?
Accuracy and reaction time
Who first looked at measuring reaction time (choice reaction time) in a groundbreaking cognitive psychology experiment (1868)?
A) Brodmann
B) James
C) Donders
D) Ebbinghaus
C) Donders
Who first measured primacy and recency effects (1885)?
A) Brodmann
B) James
C) Donders
D) Ebbinghaus
D) Ebbinghaus
What is fucntionalism and who started this movement?
Thinking about the mind in terms of functions- divided into different areas e.g. attention
William James
What is Structuralism and who started this movement?
That the mind is made up of lots of building blocks and you can understand the structure through looking at these blocks (interospection)- very objective approach
Thinking about the contents of your own mind and how it might be organised
Wilhelm Wundt
Operant conditioning and classical conditioning are examples of experiments from which psychology movement?
A) Structuralism
B) Behaviourism
C) Functionalism
B) Behaviourism
What is behaviourism?
The measurement of behaviour that is observable
What is classical conditioning and describe the little albert study
- Small boy given white rat- not scared of rat
- Experimenter made loud noise when rat came near albert
- Albert made association of rat and loud noise
- Became scared of rat even when noise not present
What is operant conditioning and describe the skinner box study
Rewarding of behaviour
Pigeon asked to turn/ peck and gets a reward
Association between visual stimulus, behaviour and reward
What did Tolman discover in 1938 using rats and mazes?
Rats did not use classical conditioning to find the food, they used a map of the maze within their head
What did O’Keefe find in the hippocampus of cells in a rat moving from one place to another?
Place cells firing
What did Chomsky discover? (1959) And how does this challenge behaviourism?
The development of language
What is the difference between behaviourism and cognitive response?
Behaviourism- stimulus and a response (can’t infer what’s going on in brain)
Cognitive response- stimulus and response- based on the response you can refer to representation in the brain (modern imaging techniques)
What neuroimaging technique found cells that respond to Jenifer Anniston?
A) Single Neuron Recording
B) TMS
C) MEG
D) EEG
A) Single Neuron Recording (Quiroga et al 2005)
Who first famously used single-neuron recording to record action potentials in monkey brain cells?
Hubel and Weisel
Which TWO neuroimaging techniques measure blood flow?
A) MEG
B) fMRI
C) PET
D) EEG
B) fMRI
C) PET
Which technique creates an electrical field that periodically disrupts brain activity?
A) TMS
B) MEG
C) fMRI
D) EEG
A) TMS
What is temporal resolution?
Ability to discriminate events very close in time
What is spatial resolution?
Ability to discriminate regions of the brain close together
Which neuroimaging technique has the highest temporal and spatial resolution?
A) Single Neuron Recording
B) PET
C) fMRI
D) EEG
A) Single Neuron Recording
Does MEG, EEG and ERP have better temporal or spatial resolution?
Temporal
Where is vision represented in the brain?
Visual cortex
Where is the body/ touch represented in the brain?
Post central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex)
Primary motor cortex
Where is space/ location represented in the brain?
Place cells
Describe hierarchical representation
Neural representation becomes more complex as you move from one region to another (up the hierarchy)
Can be bottom up or top down processing
What are two streams of processing in the visual system?
Ventral stream
Dorsal stream
Which stream corresponds to which part of visual processing?
A) Dorsal Stream- Action
Ventral Stream- Processing
B) Dorsal Stream- Processing
Ventral Stream- Action
A) Dorsal Stream- Action
Ventral Stream- Processing
