Lecture 1- History of Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards
Which of the following people did not support the functional localization of behaviour?
A) Brodmann
B) Broca
C) Flourens
D) Wernicke
C) Flourens
Who believed in Mentalism?
A) Aristotle
B) Hypocrates
C) Descartes
D) Charcot
A) Aristotle (believed mind was in the soul, the location of the soul was in the heart, brain was only for cooling blood)
What does the philosophical position of mentalism propose about the mind?
A) The mind is responsible for all intellectual function and is independent of the brain
B) The mind controls higher cognitive function and only interacts with the physical brain to control the body
C) All functions of the mind result from neural processes in the brain
A) The mind is responsible for all intellectual function and is independent of the brain
What does the theory of materialism propose about the brain?
A) The mind is responsible for all intellectual function and is independent of the brain
B) The mind controls higher cognitive function and only interacts with the physical brain to control the body
C) All functions of the mind result from neural processes in the brain
C) All functions of the mind result from neural processes in the brain
What does the philosophical position of dualism propose about the mind?
A) The mind is responsible for all intellectual function and is independent of the brain
B) The mind controls higher cognitive function and only interacts with the physical brain to control the body
C) All functions of the mind result from neural processes in the brain
B) The mind controls higher cognitive function and only interacts with the physical brain to control the body
What philosophical position did Hypocrates believe in?
A) Dualism
B) Materialism
C) Mentalism
B) Materialism- all mental processes come from the brain
What philosophical position did Descartes propose?
A) Dualism
B) Mentalism
C) Materialism
A) Dualism
Which region of the brain did Descartes think was essential for his theory of dualism?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Amygdala
C) Pinneal glad
B) Brainstem
C) Pinneal gland (because we only have 1, where as there are 2 of most other structures in the brain)
Which neurologist found that damage to the brain led to behaviour in patients with mental illness as opposed to a ‘disconnection’ as proposed by Descartes (dualism) prompting the reemergence of materialism?
A) Brodmann
B) Flourens
C) Charcot
D) Jackson
C) Charcot
Who is a famous neurologist that worked at the West Riding Pauper Lunatic Assylum and founded the journal ‘Brain’?
A) Jackson
B) Tyler
C) Johnson
D) Williams
Are different regions of the brain specialised for different functions?
A) Yes
B) No
C) Depends
A and C
What is phrenology?
Different areas responsible for different mental functions- thought there were bumps representing different areas- bigger areas mean better function (obvs not true)
What is equipotentiality?
A direct challenge to functional localisation. That any part of the brain can do any function. All intellectual faculties are a function of the whole brain
What did Flourens conclude from his experiments looking at functional localisation?
Size of lesion as opposed to location of lesion critical in disturbing animals behaviour (supporting equipotentiality)
What did Lashley conclude from his experiments looking at functional localisation?
Size of lesion as opposed to location of lesion critical in disturbing rats behaviour (supporting equipotentiality)
What is the name for disorders of language?
Aphasia
Which area of the brain would likely be damaged if an individual had difficulty producing language/ speech?
A) Broca’s area
B) Wernike’s area
A) Broca’s area
Which area of the brain would likely be damaged if an individual had difficulty processing language?
A) Broca’s area
B) Wernike’s area
B) Wernike’s area
Where are both Broca’s area and Wernike’s area located?
A) Left hemisphere
B) Right hemisphere
A) Left hemisphere
What happened to Phineas Gage?
He suffered brain trauma, damage to frontal lobe, completely changed his personality- very interesting