Lecture 1- History of Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 1

Which of the following people did not support the functional localization of behaviour?

A) Brodmann
B) Broca
C) Flourens
D) Wernicke

Answer 1

C) Flourens

Question 2

Who believed in Mentalism?

A) Aristotle
B) Hypocrates
C) Descartes
D) Charcot

Answer 2

A) Aristotle (believed mind was in the soul, the location of the soul was in the heart, brain was only for cooling blood)

Question 3

What does the philosophical position of mentalism propose about the mind?

A) The mind is responsible for all intellectual function and is independent of the brain
B) The mind controls higher cognitive function and only interacts with the physical brain to control the body
C) All functions of the mind result from neural processes in the brain

Answer 3

A) The mind is responsible for all intellectual function and is independent of the brain

Question 4

What does the theory of materialism propose about the brain?

A) The mind is responsible for all intellectual function and is independent of the brain
B) The mind controls higher cognitive function and only interacts with the physical brain to control the body
C) All functions of the mind result from neural processes in the brain

Answer 4

C) All functions of the mind result from neural processes in the brain

Question 5

What does the philosophical position of dualism propose about the mind?

A) The mind is responsible for all intellectual function and is independent of the brain
B) The mind controls higher cognitive function and only interacts with the physical brain to control the body
C) All functions of the mind result from neural processes in the brain

Answer 5

B) The mind controls higher cognitive function and only interacts with the physical brain to control the body

Question 6

What philosophical position did Hypocrates believe in?

A) Dualism
B) Materialism
C) Mentalism

Answer 6

B) Materialism- all mental processes come from the brain

Question 7

What philosophical position did Descartes propose?

A) Dualism
B) Mentalism
C) Materialism

Answer 7

A) Dualism

Question 8

Which region of the brain did Descartes think was essential for his theory of dualism?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Amygdala
C) Pinneal glad
B) Brainstem

Answer 8

C) Pinneal gland (because we only have 1, where as there are 2 of most other structures in the brain)

Question 9

Which neurologist found that damage to the brain led to behaviour in patients with mental illness as opposed to a ‘disconnection’ as proposed by Descartes (dualism) prompting the reemergence of materialism?

A) Brodmann
B) Flourens
C) Charcot
D) Jackson

Answer 9

C) Charcot

Question 10

Who is a famous neurologist that worked at the West Riding Pauper Lunatic Assylum and founded the journal ‘Brain’?

Answer 10

A) Jackson
B) Tyler
C) Johnson
D) Williams

Question 11

Are different regions of the brain specialised for different functions?

A) Yes
B) No
C) Depends

Answer 11

A and C

Question 12

What is phrenology?

Answer 12

Different areas responsible for different mental functions- thought there were bumps representing different areas- bigger areas mean better function (obvs not true)

Question 13

What is equipotentiality?

Answer 13

A direct challenge to functional localisation. That any part of the brain can do any function. All intellectual faculties are a function of the whole brain

Question 14

What did Flourens conclude from his experiments looking at functional localisation?

Answer 14

Size of lesion as opposed to location of lesion critical in disturbing animals behaviour (supporting equipotentiality)

Question 15

What did Lashley conclude from his experiments looking at functional localisation?

Answer 15

Size of lesion as opposed to location of lesion critical in disturbing rats behaviour (supporting equipotentiality)

Question 16

What is the name for disorders of language?

Answer 16

Aphasia

Question 17

Which area of the brain would likely be damaged if an individual had difficulty producing language/ speech?

A) Broca’s area
B) Wernike’s area

Answer 17

A) Broca’s area

Question 18

Which area of the brain would likely be damaged if an individual had difficulty processing language?

A) Broca’s area
B) Wernike’s area

Answer 18

B) Wernike’s area

Question 19

Where are both Broca’s area and Wernike’s area located?

A) Left hemisphere
B) Right hemisphere

Answer 19

A) Left hemisphere

Question 20

What happened to Phineas Gage?

Answer 20

He suffered brain trauma, damage to frontal lobe, completely changed his personality- very interesting

Question 21

Who discovered the first/best way to show individual nerve cells?

A) Brodmann
B) Cajal
C) Golgi

Answer 21

C) Golgi (not first- but the best- showed about 10% of neurons)

Question 22

What did Cajal propose about the structure of neurons?

Answer 22

They are individual nerve cells (separate entities) that communicate with each other

Question 23

What did Golgi propose about the structure of neurons?

Answer 23

They are all connected (believed in equipotentiality)

Question 24

Using new staining methods, what did Brodmann notice about the arrangement of neurons in the brain?

Answer 24

The organisation of neurons varied in different parts of the brain, cytoarchitecture- concluded different functions took part in different areas of the brain

Question 25

What are some of the first mental processes measured to study behaviour around the 1860s?

Answer 25

Accuracy and reaction time

Question 26

Who first looked at measuring reaction time (choice reaction time) in a groundbreaking cognitive psychology experiment (1868)? A) Brodmann B) James C) Donders D) Ebbinghaus

Answer 26

C) Donders

Question 27

Who first measured primacy and recency effects (1885)? A) Brodmann B) James C) Donders D) Ebbinghaus

Answer 27

D) Ebbinghaus

Question 28

What is fucntionalism and who started this movement?

Answer 28

Thinking about the mind in terms of functions- divided into different areas e.g. attention William James

Question 29

What is Structuralism and who started this movement?

Answer 29

That the mind is made up of lots of building blocks and you can understand the structure through looking at these blocks (interospection)- very objective approach Thinking about the contents of your own mind and how it might be organised Wilhelm Wundt

Question 30

Operant conditioning and classical conditioning are examples of experiments from which psychology movement? A) Structuralism B) Behaviourism C) Functionalism

Answer 30

B) Behaviourism

Question 31

What is behaviourism?

Answer 31

The measurement of behaviour that is observable

Question 32

What is classical conditioning and describe the little albert study

Answer 32

- Small boy given white rat- not scared of rat - Experimenter made loud noise when rat came near albert - Albert made association of rat and loud noise - Became scared of rat even when noise not present

Question 33

What is operant conditioning and describe the skinner box study

Answer 33

Rewarding of behaviour Pigeon asked to turn/ peck and gets a reward Association between visual stimulus, behaviour and reward

Question 34

What did Tolman discover in 1938 using rats and mazes?

Answer 34

Rats did not use classical conditioning to find the food, they used a map of the maze within their head

Question 35

What did O'Keefe find in the hippocampus of cells in a rat moving from one place to another?

Answer 35

Place cells firing

Question 36

What did Chomsky discover? (1959) And how does this challenge behaviourism?

Answer 36

The development of language

Question 37

What is the difference between behaviourism and cognitive response?

Answer 37

Behaviourism- stimulus and a response (can't infer what's going on in brain) Cognitive response- stimulus and response- based on the response you can refer to representation in the brain (modern imaging techniques)

Question 38

What neuroimaging technique found cells that respond to Jenifer Anniston? A) Single Neuron Recording B) TMS C) MEG D) EEG

Answer 38

A) Single Neuron Recording (Quiroga et al 2005)

Question 39

Who first famously used single-neuron recording to record action potentials in monkey brain cells?

Answer 39

Hubel and Weisel

Question 40

Which TWO neuroimaging techniques measure blood flow? A) MEG B) fMRI C) PET D) EEG

Answer 40

B) fMRI C) PET

Question 41

Which technique creates an electrical field that periodically disrupts brain activity? A) TMS B) MEG C) fMRI D) EEG

Answer 41

A) TMS

Question 42

What is temporal resolution?

Answer 42

Ability to discriminate events very close in time

Question 43

What is spatial resolution?

Answer 43

Ability to discriminate regions of the brain close together

Question 44

Which neuroimaging technique has the highest temporal and spatial resolution? A) Single Neuron Recording B) PET C) fMRI D) EEG

Answer 44

A) Single Neuron Recording

Question 45

Does MEG, EEG and ERP have better temporal or spatial resolution?

Answer 45

Temporal

Question 46

Where is vision represented in the brain?

Answer 46

Visual cortex

Question 47

Where is the body/ touch represented in the brain?

Answer 47

Post central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) Primary motor cortex

Question 48

Where is space/ location represented in the brain?

Answer 48

Place cells

Question 49

Describe hierarchical representation

Answer 49

Neural representation becomes more complex as you move from one region to another (up the hierarchy) Can be bottom up or top down processing

Question 50

What are two streams of processing in the visual system?

Answer 50

Ventral stream Dorsal stream

Question 51

Which stream corresponds to which part of visual processing? A) Dorsal Stream- Action Ventral Stream- Processing B) Dorsal Stream- Processing Ventral Stream- Action

Answer 51

A) Dorsal Stream- Action Ventral Stream- Processing