Lecture 1: History and Scope of Micro Flashcards
- How are microbes categorized into one of the 3 domains of life?
- What specifically is used for bacteria and archaea vs eukarya?
- Based on sequence of SSU rRNA
- Bacteria + Archaea: 16s rRNA | Eukarya 18s rRNA
What is Beijerinck known for?
Isolated nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Nitrogen fixing bacteria redue N2 to NH3 (Ammonia) and then use that ammonia as their energy source
Louis Pasteur’s work led to the study of immunology. What were two key takeaways from his work?
- Microbes cause wine “diseases”
- Pastuerization process: using heat to kill microbes
What are Koch’s 4 Postulates?
- Microbe must be found in all cases of the disease and absent from health individuals
- Microbe must be able to be isolated and grown in a pure culture
- The same disease state must resulte when the isolated microbe is then inoculated into a healthy host
- Then, that same microbe must be isolated from the newly diseased host
What is Spontaneous Generation?
The idea that living organisms could develop from non-living matter
- Who was the first person to observe/describe microbes?
- What microbes did he see?
- Robert Hooke
- Eukaryotic fungi
- Who was the first person to provide direct evidence that bacteria can cause disease?
- What bacteria did he study? ****
- What disease does that bacteria cause? *****
- Robert Koch
- Bacillus anthracis
- Anthrax
What are chemdithotrophs?
Bacteria that oxidize inorganic compounds (iron and sulfur) for energy.
Discovered by Winogradsky
- What is the size range for most microbes?
- Which are larger, bacteria or viruses?
- Micrometers (um) to nanometers (nm)
- Viruses are much smaller (nm) and require electron microscope, while bacteria are larger, often on the micrometer (um) range
- Who did the first experiment to dispell Spontaneous Generation?
- What did he do?
- Franciso Redi
- Showed that flies don’t spontaeous generate
What was Joseph Lister known for?
Studied things that could be done with surgical procedures to help prevent infection (ex: first cleaning the tissue around the incision prior to opening the patient).
Lister did NOT provide DIRECT evidence that microrganisms can cause disease—that was Koch
What is a pathogen?
A microbe that causes disease
- Who did the 2nd set of experiements to dispel spontaneous generation?
- What did those experiments show?
- What was the linger question after that?
- Spallanzani
- Showed that microbes will growth in a flask of meat broth, but that they don’t grow if it was first sealed and then boiled. So people still though SG happened, just that air was needed
- Lingering question then was: is air required for spontaneous generation? Or is SG not a thing, and it’s the air that instead CARRIES the microbes?
Who was the first person to see prokaryotic bacteria?
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
What is Winogradsky known for?
Isolated bacteria that oxidize inorganic compounds (iron and sulfure) for energy. These are called chemdithotrophs.
Microbial Ecology
- Who did the final experiment to dispell spontaneous generation?
- What were the results/take-aways of that experiement?
- How did that person do their experiment?
- Pasteur
- Air carries germs!! Microbes won’t grow in boiled broth until introduced from the outside (air)
- Swan neck flasks, intact swan neck lets air in but not germs, broken neck lets in air and is big enough to let in germs. So it isn’t the air that allowed SG to happen, it’s only when germs come in with the air
