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Anatomy > Lecture 1: Embryology > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Embryology

A

The study of embryos and their development.
40 week term.

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2
Q

Gestation

A

Gestare: “to carry” or “to bear.
The period of time required for full development of a fetus in utero.

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3
Q

Pre-embryonic stage

A

The first 2 weeks

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4
Q

Embryo

A

A developing human.
Weeks 3-8

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5
Q

Fetus

A

From the ninth week of gestation until birth.

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6
Q

What are the pre-embryonic and embryonic stages characterized by?

A

Cell division, migration, and differentiation.

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7
Q

By what week are organ systems structured?

A

Week 9

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8
Q

Weeks 1-3 of embryonic development include:

A

Cellular division, differentiation, and gastrulation.

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9
Q

How many stages are there in initial cellular division?

A

6 stages

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10
Q

Name the stages of initial cellular division.

A

1) unfertilized oocyte
2) fertilized oocyte
3) two-cell stage
4) four-cell stage
5) eight-cell stage
5) morula (16 cells)
6) blastocyst (70-100cells)

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11
Q

Blastomeres

A

-happens in third stage of initial cellular stage when it divides into two cells.
-Happens in 36 hours.

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12
Q

When does the initial cellular divisions happen?

A

Happens in 1st week in fallopian tube.

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13
Q

Gastrulation

A

“A belly”
-Happens in 3rd week of embryonic development.
-specialized cells called Epiblast and hypoblast cells undergo highly differentialized process.

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14
Q

What happens in the process of gastrulation?

A

-two cell layers become three germ cell layers
-bodily axes observed in the mature adult are created.

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15
Q

What controls the cellular rearrangement in gastrulation? And what is it?

A

-Controlled primitive streak
-groove in the midline of the epiblast which appears during the third week.

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16
Q

What are the three cell layers?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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17
Q

What structures are derived from the endoderm?

A

-epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tracts.
-lining of urethra, bladder, and reproductive system.
-liver and pancreas

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18
Q

What structures are derived from the mesoderm?

A

-notochord
-musculoskeletal system
-muscular layer of stomach, intestine, etc.
-circulatory system

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19
Q

What structures are derived from the ectoderm?

A

-epidermis of skin
-cornea and lens of eye
-nervous system

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20
Q

Dermatomyotomes

A

-Originate during the 3rd week of embryogenesis.
-at around day 20 the mesoderm has differentiated into its different types located close to neural tube.

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21
Q

What happens after day 20 for dermatomyotomes?

A

The mesoderm differentiates into 44 pairs of somites.

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22
Q

Somites

A

-segmental axial structures of vertebrae embryos that give rise to the vertebral column, ribs, skeletal muscles, and subcutaneous tissues.
-they have a ventral and dorsal portion.

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23
Q

At the end how many pairs of somites do we have?

A

31

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24
Q

Ventral portion of somite consists and becomes…

A

Consists of sclerotome and the precursor to the ribs and vertebrae.
Becomes the ribs

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25
Q

Dorsal potion of somites

A

-Proliferates to form the dermis. “Skin”
-as the limbs grow, the dermis is stretched and moved down the limb, creating segmental innervation.

26
Q

What are the segmental distribution of myotonic at 6 weeks? REFER BACK TO PIC

A

-occipital myotomes
-cervical myotomes
-dorsal column of epimeres
-thoracic myotomes
-ventral column of hypomeres
-lumbar myotomes
-sacral myotomes
-coccygeal myotomes

27
Q

Which two segments receive innervation from the corresponding spinal cord segments?

A

Upper limb bud (C5-T1 segments)
Lower limb bud (L2-S2 segments)

28
Q

How does the upper limb bud appear?

A

As elevations of the C5 and T1 segments of the anterolateral body wall.

29
Q

How do lower limbs grow and when?

A

-grow laterally from broader bases formed by L2-S2 segments.
-lower limbs appear a week after upper limbs.

30
Q

How do the thumb and great toe initially displayed anteriorly?

A

The thumb and Greta toes are on the cranial sides of the developing hand and foot, with the palms and soles directed anteriorly.

31
Q

How are the limbs initially flexed?

A

Bend anteriorly, so that the elbow and knee are directed laterally, abusing the palm and sole to be directed medially (toward the trunk).

32
Q

Flexures

A

-occur where gaps develop between the precursors of the long bones.
-bone in elbow and leg flexing (forming)

33
Q

By the end of the 7th week what happens to the upper and lower limbs?

A

-The proximal parts of the upper and lower limbs undergo a 90 degree torsion around their long axes BUT IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS.
-the elbow becomes directed caudally and the knee cranially.

34
Q

LOOK AT LABELED TYPICAL VERTEBRAE

A
35
Q

What are some common developmental digit anomalies?
(5)

A

Syndactyly
Polydactyl
Macrodactyly
Adactyly
Ectrodactyly

36
Q

Syndactyly

A

Fusion of two or more digits.it can be an isolated finding or part of a syndrome.

37
Q

Polydactyl

A

Extra digits, typically occurs bilaterally

38
Q

Macrodactyly

A

Enlarged digits

39
Q

Adactyly

A

Absence of digits

40
Q

Ectrodactyly

A

“Lobster claw deformity”
Typically missing middle digit, typically occurs unilaterally.

41
Q

Name the common developmental limb anomalies

A

Amelia
Meromelia
Phocomelia

42
Q

Amelia

A

Complete absence of one or more extremities

43
Q

Meromelia

A

Mero= partial
Partial absence of one or more extremities

44
Q

Phocomelia

A

Shortened lower extremities

45
Q

Radial longitudinal deficiency

A

When the radius bone in the arm is shorter than ulna

46
Q

Neurulation

A

-The process of the rudiments of the CNS developing from the ectoderm
-It follows gastulation

47
Q

What makes the neural tube?

A

Specialized neuroectodermal tissues along the length of the embryo thicken into the neural plate and eventually the neural tube

48
Q

Starting the forth week tissues will start to fold, coverage, change structure and differentiate into…

A

Intervertebral discs
Axial skeleton
Skeletal muscle
Skin
CNS

49
Q

Folate

A

-One of the B vitamins
- important to the healthy development of the neural tube and preventing Neal tube defects.

50
Q

Neuroectodermal tissues differentiate from the…

A

Ectoderm and thicken into the neural plate

51
Q

The neural plate border separates the ectoderm from the…

A

Neural plate

52
Q

How is the neural crest formed?

A

Neerat plate bends dorsally, with the two ends joining at the neural plate borders aka the neural crest.

53
Q

The closure of the neural tube disconnects the neural crest from the…

A

Epidermis

54
Q

Neural crest cells differentiate to form most of the..

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

55
Q

Spina bifida

A

-A disorder in which the two sides of vertebral arches, usually tu lower vertebral, fail to fuse during development.
- results in an “open” vertebral canal

56
Q

How many types of spina bifida are there?

A

2

57
Q

What are the two types of spina bifida?

A
  • Spina bifida occulta
  • spina bifida in meninges
58
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

-Occurs when there is a defect in the vertebral arch of L5 or S1
- occurs in 10% of individuals
- patient is asymptomatic with a tuft of hair.

59
Q

Spina bifida in meninges

A
  • Severe form of spina bifida
    -outputting of the meninges
  • may be cerebrospinal fluid (menigocele) or a portion of the spinal cord (myelomeningocele)
60
Q

Neurological deficits of spine bifida include…

A

-Ambulating (walking)
- B&B (bowel a bladder control)

61
Q

Anencephaly

A

-absence of a major portion of the brain skull, and scalp
-fetal neural tube defect
- failure of neural tube to close at the base of the skull
-no folic acid intake

62
Q

Gastrulation

A

-Happens in week 3
- when the blastula (one dimensional epithelial layer) turns into a gastrula (multidimensional structure)

Anatomy (3 decks)

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