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Anatomy > Lecture 1: Embryology > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Embryology

A

The study of embryos and their development.
40 week term.

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2
Q

Gestation

A

Gestare: “to carry” or “to bear.
The period of time required for full development of a fetus in utero.

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3
Q

Pre-embryonic stage

A

The first 2 weeks

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4
Q

Embryo

A

A developing human.
Weeks 3-8

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5
Q

Fetus

A

From the ninth week of gestation until birth.

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6
Q

What are the pre-embryonic and embryonic stages characterized by?

A

Cell division, migration, and differentiation.

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7
Q

By what week are organ systems structured?

A

Week 9

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8
Q

Weeks 1-3 of embryonic development include:

A

Cellular division, differentiation, and gastrulation.

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9
Q

How many stages are there in initial cellular division?

A

6 stages

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10
Q

Name the stages of initial cellular division.

A

1) unfertilized oocyte
2) fertilized oocyte
3) two-cell stage
4) four-cell stage
5) eight-cell stage
5) morula (16 cells)
6) blastocyst (70-100cells)

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11
Q

Blastomeres

A

-happens in third stage of initial cellular stage when it divides into two cells.
-Happens in 36 hours.

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12
Q

When does the initial cellular divisions happen?

A

Happens in 1st week in fallopian tube.

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13
Q

Gastrulation

A

“A belly”
-Happens in 3rd week of embryonic development.
-specialized cells called Epiblast and hypoblast cells undergo highly differentialized process.

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14
Q

What happens in the process of gastrulation?

A

-two cell layers become three germ cell layers
-bodily axes observed in the mature adult are created.

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15
Q

What controls the cellular rearrangement in gastrulation? And what is it?

A

-Controlled primitive streak
-groove in the midline of the epiblast which appears during the third week.

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16
Q

What are the three cell layers?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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17
Q

What structures are derived from the endoderm?

A

-epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tracts.
-lining of urethra, bladder, and reproductive system.
-liver and pancreas

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18
Q

What structures are derived from the mesoderm?

A

-notochord
-musculoskeletal system
-muscular layer of stomach, intestine, etc.
-circulatory system

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19
Q

What structures are derived from the ectoderm?

A

-epidermis of skin
-cornea and lens of eye
-nervous system

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20
Q

Dermatomyotomes

A

-Originate during the 3rd week of embryogenesis.
-at around day 20 the mesoderm has differentiated into its different types located close to neural tube.

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21
Q

What happens after day 20 for dermatomyotomes?

A

The mesoderm differentiates into 44 pairs of somites.

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22
Q

Somites

A

-segmental axial structures of vertebrae embryos that give rise to the vertebral column, ribs, skeletal muscles, and subcutaneous tissues.
-they have a ventral and dorsal portion.

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23
Q

At the end how many pairs of somites do we have?

A

31

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24
Q

Ventral portion of somite consists and becomes…

A

Consists of sclerotome and the precursor to the ribs and vertebrae.
Becomes the ribs

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25
Dorsal potion of somites
-Proliferates to form the dermis. “Skin” -as the limbs grow, the dermis is stretched and moved down the limb, creating segmental innervation.
26
What are the segmental distribution of myotonic at 6 weeks? REFER BACK TO PIC
-occipital myotomes -cervical myotomes -dorsal column of epimeres -thoracic myotomes -ventral column of hypomeres -lumbar myotomes -sacral myotomes -coccygeal myotomes
27
Which two segments receive innervation from the corresponding spinal cord segments?
Upper limb bud (C5-T1 segments) Lower limb bud (L2-S2 segments)
28
How does the upper limb bud appear?
As elevations of the C5 and T1 segments of the anterolateral body wall.
29
How do lower limbs grow and when?
-grow laterally from broader bases formed by L2-S2 segments. -lower limbs appear a week after upper limbs.
30
How do the thumb and great toe initially displayed anteriorly?
The thumb and Greta toes are on the cranial sides of the developing hand and foot, with the palms and soles directed anteriorly.
31
How are the limbs initially flexed?
Bend anteriorly, so that the elbow and knee are directed laterally, abusing the palm and sole to be directed medially (toward the trunk).
32
Flexures
-occur where gaps develop between the precursors of the long bones. -bone in elbow and leg flexing (forming)
33
By the end of the 7th week what happens to the upper and lower limbs?
-The proximal parts of the upper and lower limbs undergo a 90 degree torsion around their long axes BUT IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS. -the elbow becomes directed caudally and the knee cranially.
34
LOOK AT LABELED TYPICAL VERTEBRAE
35
What are some common developmental digit anomalies? (5)
Syndactyly Polydactyl Macrodactyly Adactyly Ectrodactyly
36
Syndactyly
Fusion of two or more digits.it can be an isolated finding or part of a syndrome.
37
Polydactyl
Extra digits, typically occurs bilaterally
38
Macrodactyly
Enlarged digits
39
Adactyly
Absence of digits
40
Ectrodactyly
"Lobster claw deformity" Typically missing middle digit, typically occurs unilaterally.
41
Name the common developmental limb anomalies
Amelia Meromelia Phocomelia
42
Amelia
Complete absence of one or more extremities
43
Meromelia
Mero= partial Partial absence of one or more extremities
44
Phocomelia
Shortened lower extremities
45
Radial longitudinal deficiency
When the radius bone in the arm is shorter than ulna
46
Neurulation
-The process of the rudiments of the CNS developing from the ectoderm -It follows gastulation
47
What makes the neural tube?
Specialized neuroectodermal tissues along the length of the embryo thicken into the neural plate and eventually the neural tube
48
Starting the forth week tissues will start to fold, coverage, change structure and differentiate into…
Intervertebral discs Axial skeleton Skeletal muscle Skin CNS
49
Folate
-One of the B vitamins - important to the healthy development of the neural tube and preventing Neal tube defects.
50
Neuroectodermal tissues differentiate from the...
Ectoderm and thicken into the neural plate
51
The neural plate border separates the ectoderm from the...
Neural plate
52
How is the neural crest formed?
Neerat plate bends dorsally, with the two ends joining at the neural plate borders aka the neural crest.
53
The closure of the neural tube disconnects the neural crest from the...
Epidermis
54
Neural crest cells differentiate to form most of the..
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
55
Spina bifida
-A disorder in which the two sides of vertebral arches, usually tu lower vertebral, fail to fuse during development. - results in an "open" vertebral canal
56
How many types of spina bifida are there?
2
57
What are the two types of spina bifida?
- Spina bifida occulta - spina bifida in meninges
58
Spina bifida occulta
-Occurs when there is a defect in the vertebral arch of L5 or S1 - occurs in 10% of individuals - patient is asymptomatic with a tuft of hair.
59
Spina bifida in meninges
- Severe form of spina bifida -outputting of the meninges - may be cerebrospinal fluid (menigocele) or a portion of the spinal cord (myelomeningocele)
60
Neurological deficits of spine bifida include...
-Ambulating (walking) - B&B (bowel a bladder control)
61
Anencephaly
-absence of a major portion of the brain skull, and scalp -fetal neural tube defect - failure of neural tube to close at the base of the skull -no folic acid intake
62
Gastrulation
-Happens in week 3 - when the blastula (one dimensional epithelial layer) turns into a gastrula (multidimensional structure)

Anatomy (3 decks)

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