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Marine Protected Areas > Lecture 1: Ecology of MPAs & State of the Seas (jan 5) > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Ecology of MPAs & State of the Seas (jan 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Important things to focus on when thinking about water rather than terrestrial environments.

A

Water has:

  • buoyancy
  • viscosity
  • specific heat capacity
  • oceans are patch - resources are not spread evenly
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2
Q

How does population ecology work?

A

Birth + Immigration >_ Death + Emigration

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3
Q

Dispersal (3)

  • what is it?
  • what type of process?
  • What is it essential for?
A
  • movement of an individual or group of individuals away from a parent population
  • biological process
  • essential for population stability + maintenance
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4
Q

Dispersal Mechanisms

A

Different life history traits

  • adult dispersal
  • broadcast spawning
  • larval dispersal - planktonic behaviours
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5
Q

Pelagic Larval Duration

A
  • Length of time larvae spend in the water column
  • affects dispersal distance
  • Planktotrophic - feed in water column - typically seen in invertebrates
  • Lecithotrophic - rely on internal stores for energy - typically seen in fish and some invertebertes
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6
Q

Dispersal Advantages

A
  • decreased competition between adults and their larval populations in the same physical space
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7
Q

Connectivity

A
  • flux of any type of material between locations
  • an interaction between species and landscapes
  • should result in the exchange of genetic material between populations
  • marine connectivity far greater than in terrestrial habitats
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8
Q

The importance of Connectivity (4)

A
  • connecting adult populations with breeding or nursery sites
  • connecting source and sink populations
  • preventing inbreeding and maintaining genetic variation.
  • accommodating range shifts.
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9
Q

Barriers to Connectivity

A
  • changing currents
  • habitat fragmentation
  • Physical thresholds: - temperature, depth, salinity, substrate.
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10
Q

When do trophic cascades occur?

A

Trophic Cascades occur when predators limit the density and/or behavior of their prey and thereby enhance survival of the next lower trophic level.

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11
Q

The perfect MPA (3)

A
  • Sustain population within protected region
  • coverage of all biogeographic regions - including transition regions - easier to monitor species shifts here
  • allow protected populations to do well enough to help populate areas outside MPA.
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12
Q

Predicted impacts of MPAs to..

  • Fisheries?
  • Biodiversity?
A

Fisheries

  • increased in biomass of reproductive adults
  • increased spill over into non-reserve areas.

Biodiversity
- increase in organism size and diversity.

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13
Q

Designing MPAs

  • What is the overall goal?
  • Ecological Characteristics
  • Anything else?
A
  • Overall goal is important:
  • Fishery? Species of Consern? Important Habitat?
  • Ecological characteristics
  • dispersal
  • connectivity
  • site specific factors

_ Social considerations

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14
Q

Goal for the MPA

- What does the goal do?

A
  • the goal will define the ecological processes necessary to protect
  • very important to establish early on and consider the ecological process, habitat and/or species to be protected
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15
Q

What effects the design of reserves?

A
  • essential areas - placement
  • population of concern
  • size
  • spacing
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16
Q

What are some essential areas to protect? 5

A
  • vulnerable life history stages
  • aggregation grounds
  • migration bottlenecks
  • areas with high habitat heterogeneity
  • areas of high diversity
17
Q

SLOSS

  • in terms of size what works best for protecting the diversity of species?
A

Single large or several small

- now known that a variety of sizes works best to protect the diversity of species and life history characteristic.

18
Q

Connectivity and MPAs

- two reasons…?

A
  • Sustain genetic diversity

- organisms inside the reserve have to impact organisms outside the reserve

19
Q

issues with current ecology (2)

A
  • poor understanding of the actual dispersal abilities and connectivity - Difficult to track larvae and species over space and time.
  • its easier to maintain diversity than restore it
20
Q

What cant MPAs protect from - or are not very good at?

A
  • Climate change
  • ocean acidification
  • sea temperature rise
  • sea level rise
  • Sedimentation
  • Pollution
  • Marine disease outbreaks
  • Conflicting goals
  • Overly degrades systems
21
Q

Take Home Message

  • what about understanding ecology?
  • What about MPA sizes?
  • what about reserve networks?
  • What do MPAs increase?
A
  • Understanding the basic ecology is essential - fundamental process
  • Any sized MPA has its advantages - bigger is better (most of the time) - need a diversity of sizes.
  • Reserve networks often more effective than single reserves.
  • MPAs increase:
  • diversity
  • size
  • stability
22
Q

Top 7 threats to the oceans?

A
  • overfishing
  • climate change
  • invasive species
  • pollution
  • acidification
  • habitat loss and destruction
  • coastal development
23
Q

Overfishing?

  • Three major shifts in commercial fishing?
  • Three major types of ecosystem damage?
A

Shifts in Commercial Fishing:
1 - Demersal
2 - Geographic
3 - Bathymetric

Three major types of ecosystem damage
1 - Species are depleted
2 - Habitat alteration
3 - Ecological shifts from removal of important species

24
Q

Fishing down the food web? (2)

A

1 - Overall decline in bigger fish and top predators worldwide.
- after we fish out the bigger, higher trophic level fisheries, we target smaller and lower trophic level fisheries.

2 - Overall effort in wild capture fisheries has increased.
- can catch fish in more places in ocean at all depth now.

25
Q

Global trends in fisheries (4)

A
  • increasing global coverage
  • increasing catches
  • increasing effort
  • declining catch per unit effort.
26
Q

Sources of Pollutants?

Results of Pollution?

A

Sources:

  • Ocean Dumping
  • Run-off and point source pollution
  • marine transportation
  • atmospheric pollutants
  • deep sea mining

Results of pollution:

  • acidification
  • eutrophication
  • plastics and debris
  • toxins
27
Q

Our shifting perspectives on the oceans 5 lessons

A

1 - Perspective is getting longer - we know we can change the oceans.
2 - Species do not always recover after depletion.
3 - Ecosystems can be shifted into alternate states.
4 - Species are at risk of extinction - habitat loss and transformation.
5 - The deep sea is not beyond harm.

Marine Protected Areas (6 decks)

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