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Small animal nutrition > Lecture 1 - Dog and cat nutritrion > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Dog and cat nutritrion Flashcards

1
Q

What disease can cause dental grooving and discoloration in young dogs?

A

distemper

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2
Q

ancestor of our domestic cats

A

northern african felis silvestris lybica (right image)

felis silvestris silvestris, the european wild cat, is not it contrary to popular belief (left in image)

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3
Q

Where the recommendations for animal foods come
from? (3)

A

From a variety of sources.

  1. National Research Council (NRC) last recomm. in 2006.
  2. American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) give recomm. every year, but only mandatory in some states.
  3. Fédération Européenne de L’Industrie des Aliments Pour Animaux Familiers (FEDIAF) gives euro recommendations.
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4
Q

should your pet food be complimentary or complete?

A

complete

complimentary is treats or extras (shouldn’t 5%)

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5
Q

minimum or optimum?

A

either or, just make sure you know which your reading

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6
Q

◼ Energy
◼ Water
◼ Protein
◼ Fat
◼ Carbohydrates
◼ Minerals
◼ Vitamins

From which come energy?

A

Nutrients versus “nutritive factors”.

Energy comes from:
◼ Protein
◼ Fat
◼ Carbohydrates

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7
Q

what % of food dry matter is used for energy

A

50%- 80%

For energy: fat, protein, carbohydrates
◼ Mainly as starch in plants
◼ Mainly as fat in animals

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8
Q

1 J =

A

1 Joule = energy transferred (or work done) when
applying a force of one newton through a
distance of one metre

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9
Q

Consumed energy is used for the following biological specifics in order of importance. (5)

A

Needed for:
◼ Ion pumps
◼ Metabolism
◼ Muscle contractions
◼ Body temperature
◼ Molecule synthesis

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10
Q

How many MJ in 1 kg of barley?

A

1 MJ

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11
Q

1 Calorie =

A

approximate amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere
(14,5°C -> 15,5°C)

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12
Q

1 cal = how many joules

A

4,1868 (4,184) J

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13
Q

Efficiency of nutrient to ATP energy:
◼ Fat %?
◼ Carbohydrates %?
◼ Protein %?

A

Efficiency of nutrient to ATP energy:
◼ Fat 90%
◼ Carbohydrates 75%
◼ Protein 55%

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14
Q

what % loss of water from the body may
result in death

A

10%-15% loss of water from the body may
result in death

e.g. Panting in a desert 15 kg dog may lose
2,5%/BW water in an hour, so 2,5 h til death.

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15
Q

Protein =

A

All compounds containing nitrogen (16%)

‘Real’ protein is an amino acid chain connected
by peptide bonds.

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16
Q

Crude protein or protein?

A

crude protein = includes non-protein nitrogenous compounds

protein = just actual protein peptide chains

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17
Q

Non-essential amino acids

A

10:
alanine,
aspartate

cysteine,
cystine,

glutamate
glycine,

hydroxyproline,
proline,

serine
tyrosine.

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18
Q

essential amino acids

A

10 essential (11 for cats)

◼ arginine
◼ histidine

◼ isoleucine
◼ leucine
◼ lysine

◼ methionine
◼ phenylalanine

◼ threonine
◼ tryptophan
◼ valine

For cats also taurine.

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19
Q

In the liver, what substrates are converted to taurine?

A

methionine and cysteine to taurine.

◼ In cats, low activity of enzymes related to this, thus they need supplemental taurine.

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20
Q

Taurine is lost with with bile acids.

So, cats conjugate their bile acids with

A

taurine.

21
Q

Problems if lack of taurine: (3)

A

◼ Reproduction – get pregnant but fetuses die/resorb
◼ Retina degeneration
◼ Dilatative cardiomyopathy

Clinical signs appear in 5 months to 2 years
But sometimes there are no signs at all!

22
Q

Not all omega FA are

A

essential.

23
Q

essential fatty acids for dogs? (2)

A

linoleic & alfa-linolenic are essential for dogs

24
Q

essential fatty acids for cats? (3)

A

alpha-linolenic acid (ALA),
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

25
Q

omega Ω6 : omega Ω3 ratio is important.

The recommended ratio is

A

2:1 - 4:1 ( 5:1-30:1).

Remember that:
e.g. a-linolenic acid is omega 3 & linoleic is omega 6.

26
Q

What hormones induce lipolysis? (3)

A

glucagon
hormone-sensisitive lipase
nor/epinephrine

27
Q

Fastest digested sugars (2)

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides.

28
Q

Amylopectin has what bonds?

A

branched chain, α-1,6 glycosidic bonds

Starch contains two main components: amylose and amylopectin.

29
Q

Amylose has what bonds?

A

linear chain, α-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Starch contains two main components: amylose and amylopectin.

30
Q

Remember: β bonds in starches are not digestible by

A

mammals.

31
Q

Digestability of starch improves when

A

water is added (+ heat makes process faster)

Starch has a crystalline structure - granules, so water and heat causes melting and expanding of granules so enzymes can access.

Digestibility of raw potatoes starch is very poor.

32
Q

What is a glycemic index?

A

Glycemic index is a measure of how quickly a food causes our blood sugar levels to rise.

The measure ranks food on a scale of zero to 100.

Foods with a high glycemic index, or GI, are quickly digested and absorbed, causing a rapid rise in blood sugar.

33
Q

What affects the glycemic index?

A

Several factors affect the glycemic index of a food, including the nutrient composition, ripeness, cooking method, and amount of processing it has undergone.

Espesh:
◼ The ratio of amylopectin/amylose due to different digestive mechanisms.
◼ Amylose slows down digestibility
◼ Cooking food is important to increase digestibility.

34
Q

Crude fiber includes

A

◼ Hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin (not a carb!)
◼ Fructans, pectins etc.

though not all of these are carbs!

35
Q

Fermentability means what in the context of digestion?

A

How fast microbes in large intestine degrade/ferment the substrate.

36
Q

Gastrointestinal microbiota needs what especially?

A

◼ Volatile fatty acids (butyrate!)

Energy source to large intestine enterocytes.

37
Q

define

Fructans, pectins

A

A fructan is a polymer of fructose molecules. Fructans with a short chain length are known as fructooligosaccharides. β-fructans are an example of soluble dietary fibers

Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide in the cell walls of terrestrial plants. Pectin is a type of structural fiber.

38
Q

Carbohydrates in small animals, are not technically…

A

nutritional factors.

But CNS needs glucose!
Thus Do not underestimate the importance of fiber!

39
Q

Vitamins are used as

A

Enzymes, co-enzymes, precursors for enzymes.

40
Q

Fat soluble vitamins:

A

A, D, E, K

Dogs and cats do NOT need extra D vitamin.

41
Q

Water soluble vitamins:

A

B group and C

Dogs and cats don’t need extra C!

42
Q

Macrominerals: (6)

A

Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Na, K, Cl

43
Q

Microminerals: (4)

A

Zn, Cu, Mn, I, Se

44
Q

Who can digest amylose bonds?

Amylose is linked by α-1,4-glycosidic linkages.

A

alfa 1-4 can be digested by mammals

45
Q

Who can digest amylopectin bonds?

The amylopectin or branched starch is composed of glucose molecules not only linked by alfa 1–4 glycosidic bonds but also containing branches that occur when alfa 1–6 bonds form.

A

alfa 1-4 can be digested by mammals

Isomaltase is the only enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the α-1,6 glycosidic linkage (mammalian small intestine).

Rumen bacteria can only degrade amylose and only the linear part of amylopectin (α-1,4), the rest of the amylopectin (α-1,6) is digested in the small intestine.

46
Q

Most important thing to note in regard to mineral supplements? (3)

A

solubility, can it actually be absorbed in the form its provided in?

minerals from meat are digested the best.

Antagonists/agonists should also be considered.

47
Q

best/most soluble form for mineral absorption?

A

Usually sulfates and chlorides better than carbonates which are better than oxides.

From best to least absorbable.
sulfate and chloride > carbonate > oxide

48
Q

Excess Ca in food reduces the absorption of

A

P and vice versa.

Thus, Ca and P ratio in food is important.

Small animal nutrition (6 decks)

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