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RTT Science > Lecture 1, Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 1, Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which part of the human life is most radio sensitive?

A

Fetal and embryo stages

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2
Q

What are the three stages of fetal development

A
  1. Preimplantation stage
  2. Organogenesis
  3. Fetal growth stage
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3
Q

Pre-implantation stage, days and responce

A
  1. 0-10 days
  2. Embryonic death and resorption
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4
Q

Organogenesis stage, days and responce

A
  1. Day 10 - Week 6
  2. Microcephaly, retardation and damage to skeleton or sensory organs
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5
Q

Fetal growth stage, days and responce to radiation

A
  1. End of week 6 to birth
  2. High risk of mental retardation
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6
Q

Important factors of radation treatments while pregnant are?

A
  1. Dose
  2. Stage of gestation
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7
Q

What is a deterministic responce?

A

High dose exposure and early responce but has a threshold. effects occure depends on servity of rad dose. (different doses can casure different effects)

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8
Q

What is a stochastic responce?

A

Low dose exposure and late responces has no threshold. effects occure by chance

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9
Q

Stochastic cancer examples include?

A
  1. Leukemia
  2. genetic effects
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10
Q

Late effects of radiation include?

A
  1. Life shorting effects
  2. Genetic effects
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11
Q

Goals of rad therapy?

A

Treat cancer cells while sparing the normal tissue

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12
Q

What is therapeutic ratio?

A

Normal tissue tolerance dose/tumor lethal dose

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13
Q

What does LD50/30 mean in words?

A

That 50% of the population would die in 30 days with that dose

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14
Q

What are group 1 cells

A

Cells that are viable miotic cells that are responsible for tumor growth

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15
Q

What are group 2 cells

A

Viable but nondividing, known as G0 cells and have the ability to enter cell cycle and divide

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16
Q

What are group 3 and 4 cells

A

Composed of non-viable cells. Group 3 are structually inctact while group 4 is not

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17
Q

Factors that affect tumor growth include?

A
  1. Division rate and percentage of proliferating cells in the tumor
  2. Degree of healthy cell loss from tumor
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18
Q

What can slow the growth of a tumor?

A

High cell loss factor

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19
Q

What is the oxygen effect?

A

the presence of O2 during treatment will greatly increase radio sensitvity of a cell

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20
Q

Cells in a tumore are typicall in what O2 state

A

Anoxic (less radiosensitive)

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21
Q

What is OER in humans for x-rays?

A

2.5 to 3

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22
Q

What is the theory of dose fractionation techniques?

A

Fractionation breaks down one large dose into many smaller doses

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23
Q

What does the theory of dose fractionation technique encourage?

A
  1. Preservation of normal and healthy tissue
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24
Q

What are the 4 Rs in the the “Theory of dose fractionation techniques?”

A
  1. Repopulation
  2. Redistribution
  3. “Repair” of sublethal damage
  4. Reoxygenation
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25
Q

What does hypoxic mean?

A

Lower oxygen levels

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26
Q

What is TD55?

A

the dose of rad to healthy tissue that will cause 5% chance of complications with in 5 years

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27
Q

What is IGRT (Image guided radiation therapy)

A

Imaging only use as part of a treatment, NOT A TREATMENT

28
Q

What is IMRT (intensity modulated radiation therapy)

A

Treatment technique

29
Q

What is 4D CT

A

Breath hold

30
Q

What is SRS (sterotactic radiation therapy)

A

Mainly used on cranium
1 Fraction
Head area

31
Q

What is SBRT (sterotactic body radiation therapy)

A

Same as SRS but on all other body parts

32
Q

What is ionizing radiation

A

Radiation with enough energy to seperate an electron from an atom

33
Q

What is excitation?

A

When an electron in the atoms outer shell is excited but does not eject

34
Q

What is a direct interation?

A

When radiation hits the DNA and nothing else

35
Q

What is an indirect interaction?

A

When radiation hits water causing free radicals to damage the cell

36
Q

What can free radicals produce thats is toxic?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

37
Q

LET stands for?

A

Linear energy transfer

38
Q

LET is directly porportionate to?

A

Q^2 (energy)

39
Q

LET is directly inversely porportionate to?

A

V^2

40
Q

RBE is a direct relationship to?

A

LET

41
Q

RBE happens when?

A

Equal doses of LET dont produce the same biological responce

42
Q

Damage in what can effect future generations?

A

Germ or reproductive cells

43
Q

Which phases of mitosis are the most radio sensitive in order?

A
  1. M
  2. G2
44
Q

Which phases of mitosis are the most radio resistant?

A

S phase

45
Q

What phases can aberrations occure in?

A

GI phase or before

46
Q

What is a stable aberration?

A

A genetic mixup leading to mutations

47
Q

What is an unstable aberration?

A

When the cell dies or is unable to reproduce

48
Q

What results in two chromosome fragments?

A

Single radiation induced breaks

49
Q

What is restitution?

A

rejoining of two fragments

50
Q

What is Division delay?

A

disruption in miotic index caused by irrated cells

51
Q

What is Interphase death?

A

death of irrated cells before cells reach mitosis

52
Q

In the quasi-threshold dose, Dq stands for?

A

cell survival parameter

53
Q

High Dq means the cell is?

A

Radio resistant

54
Q

Low Dq means the cell is?

A

Radio sensitive

55
Q

Factors that influence responce are?

A
  1. Physical factors
  2. Chemical factors
  3. Biological factors
56
Q

What does oxygen do to a cell?

A

Makes it more radio sensitive

57
Q

What is the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau?

A

Radiation is more effective against cells that are actively miotic, undifferentaited and have long miotic future

58
Q

What does Din and Lin stand for?

A
  1. Din - high
  2. Lin - low
59
Q

Early and acute changes, Time, Effects

A
  1. 6 months
  2. Inflamation, edema, hemogene
60
Q

Late and chronic changes, Time, Effects

A
  1. after 6 months
  2. Vascular and stromal cell damage, fibrosis, atrophy, necrosis, death
61
Q

What does the level of responce from a cell depend on?

A
  1. Dose
  2. Volume of tissue is field
  3. Radio sensitvity of cells
  4. Time since last dose
62
Q

What are the three phases of total body responce to radiation?

A
  1. Prodromal - Symp. correlate to dose, lasts min or several days
  2. Latent - No symp, lasts few hours to weeks
  3. Manifest - Exposure evident, sympt lasts hours to months
63
Q

What are the three syndromes of total body responce to radiation?

A
  1. Hematopietic
  2. Gastrointestinal
  3. Cerebrovascular
64
Q

How long does the prodromal phase last?

A

Minutes to several days

65
Q

How long does the latent phase last?

A

Few hours to a few weeks

66
Q

How long does the manifest phase last?

A

Hours to months

67
Q

List the cell populations from extremely low radiosensitivity to extremely high radiosensitivity

A

FPM, RPM, Vessels/connective tissue, DIM, VIM

RTT Science (6 decks)

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