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Stats > Lecture 1 Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

Ways researchers measure the variables they study

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2
Q

What is operationalization?

A

the process of defining how a variable should be measures in a study

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3
Q

What are the two types of independent variables

A

active and attribute

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4
Q

What is an active independent variable?

A

controlled, purposely, and systematically changed or manipulated by the research

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5
Q

What is a attribute independent variable

A

some pre-existing attributes or quality of research subjects or their environment and are not controlled by the researcher

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6
Q

what is the dependent variable

A

used to measure or assess the effect (or outcome) of the iv

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7
Q

What is a difference question?

A

investigates differences between variables

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8
Q

What is a associational question?

A

investigates relationships between variables

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9
Q

What are descriptive questions?

A

They summaries data

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10
Q

What are the two main types of statistics?

A

descriptive and inferential

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11
Q

What is a descriptive statistic?

A

describes data

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12
Q

what is a inferential statistic?

A

tells us about the statistical significance of data

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13
Q

What are the two types of research?

A

experiment and observational study

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14
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Is when the researchers control the assignment of the units to different treatments that are being compared

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15
Q

What is an observational study?

A

This is when the units come to the researcher already assigned to the subpopulation or treatment group

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16
Q

What is the target population

A

the population being studied in a research project or the population from which we draw samples

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17
Q

What is a subpopulation?

A

a well defined subset of the population units

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18
Q

What is the units of a target population?

A

objects on which measurements will be taken

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19
Q

What is a sample?

A

the subset of the target population that is actually being studied in research

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20
Q

What is a sample size?

A

the number of units observed in a sample (n)

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21
Q

what is sample protocol?

A

the methods used to select a sample from a population

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22
Q

What is sample statistics?

A

mean, median, mode of a sample
stats computed with the data from the sample

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23
Q

what is population parameters?

A

mean, median, and mode of populations

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of probability sampling?

A

Simple random sampling
stratified random sampling
cluster sampling
Systematic random sampling

25
Q

What are the three types of non-probability sampling?

A

convenience sampling
Quota sampling
Snowball sampling

26
Q

What does a simple random sampling ensure?

A

it ensures that every possible sample of n units has an equal chance of being selected

27
Q

What is systematic random sampling?

A

Randomly select one sampling unit from the first k units in the sampling frame and every K unit thereafter

28
Q

When is stratified random sampling used

A

when the target population has well-defined and non-overlapping subpopulations

29
Q

What is cluster sampling?

A

the population is divisible into several clusters, and each could be as diverse as the population as a whole

30
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

sampling that is used because the subjects are readily available to the researcher; it only targets individuals who possess characteristics that make them accessible to the researcher

31
Q

What is quota sampling?

A

sample that reflects a population in terms of the relative proportions of subjects in different categories
-this is the non-probability counterpart to stratified sampling

32
Q

You decide to do a study on yourself, to see which drug might cause you to do better in statistics. For a month, you take a different drug each night (weed, LSD, heroin, meth, cocaine) and record your results on quizzes (percent score).
WHAT IS THE IV?
What is measurement of IV?

A

DRUG
IV measurement level is nominal-categorical that cannot be ordered

33
Q

You decide to do a study on yourself, to see which drug might cause you to do better in statistics. For a month, you take a different drug each night (weed, LSD, heroin, meth, cocaine) and record your results on quizzes (percent score).
WHAT IS THE DV?
What is measurement of DV?

A

DV is quizzes percent score
DV measurement level is scale-numbers in percent

34
Q

You work at a primary care center and are curious about the influence that “user fees” might have on clients’ attendance and satisfaction with care. When clients come to your clinic, they are charged one of four rates for services: (i) free, (ii) $5, (iii) $15, and (iv) $40. After a year, you compare the four groups on two variables: (1) number of appointments missed, and (2) overall happiness with their care, rated from 1 to 5 (1 = very low, 2 = low, 3 = moderate, 4 = high, 5 = very high).
What is the IV?
What is the measurement of the IV?

A

IV is User fees
IV measurement level is ordinal-unequal interval scale currency amount

35
Q

You work at a primary care center and are curious about the influence that “user fees” might have on clients’ attendance and satisfaction with care. When clients come to your clinic, they are charged one of four rates for services: (i) free, (ii) $5, (iii) $15, and (iv) $40. After a year, you compare the four groups on two variables: (1) number of appointments missed, and (2) overall happiness with their care, rated from 1 to 5 (1 = very low, 2 = low, 3 = moderate, 4 = high, 5 = very high).
What is the DV?
What is the measurement of the DV?

A

DVs are Clients’ Attendance and Satisfaction with care

DVs measurement level: number of appointment missed is scale-numeric,

overall level of happiness with their care is ordinal-Likert scale

36
Q

Your boss provides a 4 point scale and asks you to rate how happy you are in your current job (miserable, unhappy, happy, ecstatic). He then wants to see if there are differences in job happiness between two groups at work: those he yells at every day, and those he yells at only every other day.
WHAT IS THE IV AND ITS MEASUREMENT?

A

I.V. – Yelling (yes/no) – Nominal/Dichotomous – independent groups

37
Q

Your boss provides a 4 point scale and asks you to rate how happy you are in your current job (miserable, unhappy, happy, ecstatic). He then wants to see if there are differences in job happiness between two groups at work: those he yells at every day, and those he yells at only every other day.
WHAT IS THE DV AND ITS MEASUREMENT?

A

D.V. – Happiness in Job (miserable, unhappy, happy, ecstatic) – ordinal

38
Q

our boss provides a 4 point scale and asks you to rate how happy you are in your current job (miserable, unhappy, happy, ecstatic). He then wants to see if there are differences in job happiness between two groups at work: those he yells at every day, and those he yells at only every other day.
WHAT TYPE OF QUESTION IS THIS?

A

DIFFERENCE

39
Q

You work on an adolescent mental health team. Some parents have been expressing concern about media reports linking antidepressant use by teens and increased suicidal behavior. Your team decides to go back through all the records and pull data on both the number of antidepressant prescriptions and the number of reported suicide attempts to see if there’s a link between the two.
WHAT IS THE IV AND MEASUREMENT?

A

I.V. – number of prescriptions - normal/scale

40
Q

You work on an adolescent mental health team. Some parents have been expressing concern about media reports linking antidepressant use by teens and increased suicidal behavior. Your team decides to go back through all the records and pull data on both the number of antidepressant prescriptions and the number of reported suicide attempts to see if there’s a link between the two.
WHAT IS THE DV AND MEASUREMENT?

A

D.V. – number of reported suicide attempts – normal/scale

41
Q

You work on an adolescent mental health team. Some parents have been expressing concern about media reports linking antidepressant use by teens and increased suicidal behavior. Your team decides to go back through all the records and pull data on both the number of antidepressant prescriptions and the number of reported suicide attempts to see if there’s a link between the two.
WHAT TYPE OF QUESTION IS THIS?

A

Associational/Relationship question

42
Q

You work in an ER team in a hospital located near a busy mountainous highway. The team wants to know whether certain months have higher rates of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) due to impaired driving. They ask the dep’t of highways for the number of MVAs involving alcohol for each month.
WHAT IS THE IV AND ITS MEASUREMENT?

A

I.V. – Month of the year – Nominal with 12 independent levels

43
Q

You work in an ER team in a hospital located near a busy mountainous highway. The team wants to know whether certain months have higher rates of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) due to impaired driving. They ask the dep’t of highways for the number of MVAs involving alcohol for each month.
WHAT IS THE DV AND ITS MEASUREMENT?

A

D.V. – Number of MVAs – Normal Scale

44
Q

You work in an ER team in a hospital located near a busy mountainous highway. The team wants to know whether certain months have higher rates of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) due to impaired driving. They ask the dep’t of highways for the number of MVAs involving alcohol for each month.
WHAT TYPE OF QUESTION IS THIS?

A

Difference question

45
Q

A health care organization wants to know whether “bring your kid to work” might help future recruitment or not. It asks half of its employees to bring their kids to work on a specified day each month for 6 months and asks the other half not to bring their kid to work on those days. At the end of six months, it asks all employees to answer “yes” or “no” to the following question: “Do you believe your child is interested in a career in health care?”
WHAT IS THE IV AND ITS MEASUREMENT?

A

I.V. – Bring Kid to Work (yes/no) – nominal/dichotomous and independent levels

46
Q

A health care organization wants to know whether “bring your kid to work” might help future recruitment or not. It asks half of its employees to bring their kids to work on a specified day each month for 6 months and asks the other half not to bring their kid to work on those days. At the end of six months, it asks all employees to answer “yes” or “no” to the following question: “Do you believe your child is interested in a career in health care?”
WHAT IS THE DV AND ITS MEASUREMENT?

A

D.V. – Choice of health care career (yes/no) - nominal/dichotomous
Difference question

47
Q

You’re interested in developing a harm-reduction program for people struggling with cocaine use. You ask clients to self-report the number of times they use cocaine per day for one month. After 3 months of the program, clients again self-report the number of times they use cocaine per day for one month.
WHAT IS THE DV AND MEASUREMENT?

A

D.V. = # of times using cocaine (normal/scale)

48
Q

You’re interested in developing a harm-reduction program for people struggling with cocaine use. You ask clients to self-report the number of times they use cocaine per day for one month. After 3 months of the program, clients again self-report the number of times they use cocaine per day for one month.
WHAT IS THE IV AND MEASUREMENT?

A

I.V. = Time one (before program) vs. time two (after program) – dichotomous

49
Q

You’re interested in developing a harm-reduction program for people struggling with cocaine use. You ask clients to self-report the number of times they use cocaine per day for one month. After 3 months of the program, clients again self-report the number of times they use cocaine per day for one month.
IS THIS BETWEEN-GROUP OR WITHIN GROUP

A

WITHIN

50
Q

Medical testing, where researchers try to establish whether a drug is effective or whether a placebo effect is in order.
WHAT TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGN IS THIS?

A

between group

51
Q

What type of experimental design is when one set of participants are tested more than once and their scores are compared.

A

within subjects

52
Q

Each participant could test both car-rental sites and book a car on each.
WHAT TYPE OF DESIGN?

A

within group

53
Q

Each participant could test a single car-rental site and book a car only on that site.
WHAT TYPE OF DESIGN

A

between group

54
Q

What type of research design? The participants’ performance after each treatment level acts as the dependent variable. Each participant’s performance is therefore measured at every level of the treatment factor.

A

WITHIN-SUBJECT

55
Q

________is a research design method that assigns participants to different groups and compares them to each other.

A

between-group

56
Q

In ________ designs, the participants will only interact with one treatment

A

between-group

57
Q

Normal/scale variables allow for the use of _______statistics

A

parametric

58
Q

Nominal/ordinal variables allow for the use of ________statistics

A

nonparametric

59
Q

___________statistics are more powerful than ______ statistics in detecting relationships and/or differences

A

Parametric statistics are more powerful than nonparametric’

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