Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is an operational definition?
Ways researchers measure the variables they study
What is operationalization?
the process of defining how a variable should be measures in a study
What are the two types of independent variables
active and attribute
What is an active independent variable?
controlled, purposely, and systematically changed or manipulated by the research
What is a attribute independent variable
some pre-existing attributes or quality of research subjects or their environment and are not controlled by the researcher
what is the dependent variable
used to measure or assess the effect (or outcome) of the iv
What is a difference question?
investigates differences between variables
What is a associational question?
investigates relationships between variables
What are descriptive questions?
They summaries data
What are the two main types of statistics?
descriptive and inferential
What is a descriptive statistic?
describes data
what is a inferential statistic?
tells us about the statistical significance of data
What are the two types of research?
experiment and observational study
What is an experiment?
Is when the researchers control the assignment of the units to different treatments that are being compared
What is an observational study?
This is when the units come to the researcher already assigned to the subpopulation or treatment group
What is the target population
the population being studied in a research project or the population from which we draw samples
What is a subpopulation?
a well defined subset of the population units
What is the units of a target population?
objects on which measurements will be taken
What is a sample?
the subset of the target population that is actually being studied in research
What is a sample size?
the number of units observed in a sample (n)
what is sample protocol?
the methods used to select a sample from a population
What is sample statistics?
mean, median, mode of a sample
stats computed with the data from the sample
what is population parameters?
mean, median, and mode of populations
What are the 4 types of probability sampling?
Simple random sampling
stratified random sampling
cluster sampling
Systematic random sampling
What are the three types of non-probability sampling?
convenience sampling
Quota sampling
Snowball sampling
What does a simple random sampling ensure?
it ensures that every possible sample of n units has an equal chance of being selected
What is systematic random sampling?
Randomly select one sampling unit from the first k units in the sampling frame and every K unit thereafter
When is stratified random sampling used
when the target population has well-defined and non-overlapping subpopulations
What is cluster sampling?
the population is divisible into several clusters, and each could be as diverse as the population as a whole
What is convenience sampling?
sampling that is used because the subjects are readily available to the researcher; it only targets individuals who possess characteristics that make them accessible to the researcher
What is quota sampling?
sample that reflects a population in terms of the relative proportions of subjects in different categories
-this is the non-probability counterpart to stratified sampling
You decide to do a study on yourself, to see which drug might cause you to do better in statistics. For a month, you take a different drug each night (weed, LSD, heroin, meth, cocaine) and record your results on quizzes (percent score).
WHAT IS THE IV?
What is measurement of IV?
DRUG
IV measurement level is nominal-categorical that cannot be ordered
You decide to do a study on yourself, to see which drug might cause you to do better in statistics. For a month, you take a different drug each night (weed, LSD, heroin, meth, cocaine) and record your results on quizzes (percent score).
WHAT IS THE DV?
What is measurement of DV?
DV is quizzes percent score
DV measurement level is scale-numbers in percent
You work at a primary care center and are curious about the influence that “user fees” might have on clients’ attendance and satisfaction with care. When clients come to your clinic, they are charged one of four rates for services: (i) free, (ii) $5, (iii) $15, and (iv) $40. After a year, you compare the four groups on two variables: (1) number of appointments missed, and (2) overall happiness with their care, rated from 1 to 5 (1 = very low, 2 = low, 3 = moderate, 4 = high, 5 = very high).
What is the IV?
What is the measurement of the IV?
IV is User fees
IV measurement level is ordinal-unequal interval scale currency amount
You work at a primary care center and are curious about the influence that “user fees” might have on clients’ attendance and satisfaction with care. When clients come to your clinic, they are charged one of four rates for services: (i) free, (ii) $5, (iii) $15, and (iv) $40. After a year, you compare the four groups on two variables: (1) number of appointments missed, and (2) overall happiness with their care, rated from 1 to 5 (1 = very low, 2 = low, 3 = moderate, 4 = high, 5 = very high).
What is the DV?
What is the measurement of the DV?
DVs are Clients’ Attendance and Satisfaction with care
DVs measurement level: number of appointment missed is scale-numeric,
overall level of happiness with their care is ordinal-Likert scale
Your boss provides a 4 point scale and asks you to rate how happy you are in your current job (miserable, unhappy, happy, ecstatic). He then wants to see if there are differences in job happiness between two groups at work: those he yells at every day, and those he yells at only every other day.
WHAT IS THE IV AND ITS MEASUREMENT?
I.V. – Yelling (yes/no) – Nominal/Dichotomous – independent groups
Your boss provides a 4 point scale and asks you to rate how happy you are in your current job (miserable, unhappy, happy, ecstatic). He then wants to see if there are differences in job happiness between two groups at work: those he yells at every day, and those he yells at only every other day.
WHAT IS THE DV AND ITS MEASUREMENT?
D.V. – Happiness in Job (miserable, unhappy, happy, ecstatic) – ordinal
our boss provides a 4 point scale and asks you to rate how happy you are in your current job (miserable, unhappy, happy, ecstatic). He then wants to see if there are differences in job happiness between two groups at work: those he yells at every day, and those he yells at only every other day.
WHAT TYPE OF QUESTION IS THIS?
DIFFERENCE
You work on an adolescent mental health team. Some parents have been expressing concern about media reports linking antidepressant use by teens and increased suicidal behavior. Your team decides to go back through all the records and pull data on both the number of antidepressant prescriptions and the number of reported suicide attempts to see if there’s a link between the two.
WHAT IS THE IV AND MEASUREMENT?
I.V. – number of prescriptions - normal/scale
You work on an adolescent mental health team. Some parents have been expressing concern about media reports linking antidepressant use by teens and increased suicidal behavior. Your team decides to go back through all the records and pull data on both the number of antidepressant prescriptions and the number of reported suicide attempts to see if there’s a link between the two.
WHAT IS THE DV AND MEASUREMENT?
D.V. – number of reported suicide attempts – normal/scale
You work on an adolescent mental health team. Some parents have been expressing concern about media reports linking antidepressant use by teens and increased suicidal behavior. Your team decides to go back through all the records and pull data on both the number of antidepressant prescriptions and the number of reported suicide attempts to see if there’s a link between the two.
WHAT TYPE OF QUESTION IS THIS?
Associational/Relationship question
You work in an ER team in a hospital located near a busy mountainous highway. The team wants to know whether certain months have higher rates of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) due to impaired driving. They ask the dep’t of highways for the number of MVAs involving alcohol for each month.
WHAT IS THE IV AND ITS MEASUREMENT?
I.V. – Month of the year – Nominal with 12 independent levels
You work in an ER team in a hospital located near a busy mountainous highway. The team wants to know whether certain months have higher rates of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) due to impaired driving. They ask the dep’t of highways for the number of MVAs involving alcohol for each month.
WHAT IS THE DV AND ITS MEASUREMENT?
D.V. – Number of MVAs – Normal Scale
You work in an ER team in a hospital located near a busy mountainous highway. The team wants to know whether certain months have higher rates of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) due to impaired driving. They ask the dep’t of highways for the number of MVAs involving alcohol for each month.
WHAT TYPE OF QUESTION IS THIS?
Difference question
A health care organization wants to know whether “bring your kid to work” might help future recruitment or not. It asks half of its employees to bring their kids to work on a specified day each month for 6 months and asks the other half not to bring their kid to work on those days. At the end of six months, it asks all employees to answer “yes” or “no” to the following question: “Do you believe your child is interested in a career in health care?”
WHAT IS THE IV AND ITS MEASUREMENT?
I.V. – Bring Kid to Work (yes/no) – nominal/dichotomous and independent levels
A health care organization wants to know whether “bring your kid to work” might help future recruitment or not. It asks half of its employees to bring their kids to work on a specified day each month for 6 months and asks the other half not to bring their kid to work on those days. At the end of six months, it asks all employees to answer “yes” or “no” to the following question: “Do you believe your child is interested in a career in health care?”
WHAT IS THE DV AND ITS MEASUREMENT?
D.V. – Choice of health care career (yes/no) - nominal/dichotomous
Difference question
You’re interested in developing a harm-reduction program for people struggling with cocaine use. You ask clients to self-report the number of times they use cocaine per day for one month. After 3 months of the program, clients again self-report the number of times they use cocaine per day for one month.
WHAT IS THE DV AND MEASUREMENT?
D.V. = # of times using cocaine (normal/scale)
You’re interested in developing a harm-reduction program for people struggling with cocaine use. You ask clients to self-report the number of times they use cocaine per day for one month. After 3 months of the program, clients again self-report the number of times they use cocaine per day for one month.
WHAT IS THE IV AND MEASUREMENT?
I.V. = Time one (before program) vs. time two (after program) – dichotomous
You’re interested in developing a harm-reduction program for people struggling with cocaine use. You ask clients to self-report the number of times they use cocaine per day for one month. After 3 months of the program, clients again self-report the number of times they use cocaine per day for one month.
IS THIS BETWEEN-GROUP OR WITHIN GROUP
WITHIN
Medical testing, where researchers try to establish whether a drug is effective or whether a placebo effect is in order.
WHAT TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGN IS THIS?
between group
What type of experimental design is when one set of participants are tested more than once and their scores are compared.
within subjects
Each participant could test both car-rental sites and book a car on each.
WHAT TYPE OF DESIGN?
within group
Each participant could test a single car-rental site and book a car only on that site.
WHAT TYPE OF DESIGN
between group
What type of research design? The participants’ performance after each treatment level acts as the dependent variable. Each participant’s performance is therefore measured at every level of the treatment factor.
WITHIN-SUBJECT
________is a research design method that assigns participants to different groups and compares them to each other.
between-group
In ________ designs, the participants will only interact with one treatment
between-group
Normal/scale variables allow for the use of _______statistics
parametric
Nominal/ordinal variables allow for the use of ________statistics
nonparametric
___________statistics are more powerful than ______ statistics in detecting relationships and/or differences
Parametric statistics are more powerful than nonparametric’
