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Stats > Chapter 9 lectures 8,9,10 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 lectures 8,9,10 Flashcards

1
Q

T-tests are used when you are?

A

Comparing differences between 2 groups on a DV with a scale-level of measurement.

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2
Q

What does an independent samples t-test compare?

A

It is used for comparing 2 groups that are indeed independent–>different subjects in each group —->between-group design
Used to compare the means of two groups when the DV has a scale-level of measurement

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3
Q

What group design is used when you are doing an independent samples t-test?

A

between group

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4
Q

What group design is used when you are doing a paired samples t-test?

A

Within-group

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5
Q

What does a paired samples t-test compare?

A

is used for comparing scores obtained from the same subjects at 2 different times
Used when data are paired or linked in some way, such as in experimental situations with pre-test scores and post-test scores

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6
Q

What are the three assumptions of the independent samples t-test?

A

Variances are equal
Normally distributed
Independent scores for each group (one person’s score doesn’t relate to a score in the other group)

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7
Q

What does Levene test assess?

A

assesses whether the variance of the dependent variable is equal for the two groups in the population. Also referred to as “Homogeneity of Variance”

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8
Q

If Levene’s test is NOT significant (Sig value > .05), then we can
Accept the null?
Reject the null?

A

we can NOT reject this null so fail to reject the null

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9
Q

If Levene’s test IS significant (Sig value <.05), then we can?
accept the null
reject the null

A

Reject the null

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10
Q

If Levene’s test IS significant (Sig value <.05), the assumption or normality ______ violated

A

IS Violated

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11
Q

If Levene’s test IS significant (Sig value <.05), Equal variance is ________

A

equal variances NOT assumed

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12
Q

If Levene’s test is NOT significant (Sig value <.05), Equal variance is ________

A

equal variances are assumed

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13
Q

What are the 2 assumptions of the paired samples t-test?

A

The Independent variable is dichotomous.
The DV is normally distributed

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14
Q

Is there a Leven’s test for paired sample t-tests?

A

SPSS doesn’t automatically do a Levene’s test because there are no
need to test for equal variances as the groups are related and similar.

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15
Q

The measure of DV Ordinal, what test do you choose for between group design?

A

Mann- Whitney U

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16
Q

The measure of DV Ordinal, what test do you choose for within group design?

A

Wilcoxon

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17
Q

The measure of DV is nominal or dichotomous, and it is difference question what test do you choose for within-group design?

A

Mcnemar

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18
Q

The measure of DV is nominal or dichotomous what test do you choose for between-group design?

A

Chi-Square

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19
Q

The Wilcoxon matched-pairs test is used to compare?

A

Medians (or mean ranks) of 2 repeated groups

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20
Q

The Wilcoxon test is used when the DV is ________

A

Ordinal

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21
Q

The McNemar test is used to compare

A

Used when comparing two related groups on a DV with a dichotomous level of measurement

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22
Q

What is the DV measurement if you are running a McNemar test?

A

Dichotomous

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23
Q

Is McNemar for between-group or within-group design?

A

Within

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24
Q

Effect direction for T-test, Mann Whitney U, Wilcoxon, McNemar, or Chi-Square we use?

A

We use the group means for difference questions/ Which group did beter

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25
Q

What is sampling distribution?

A

Sampling distribution is the set of different scores (or statistics) that results from repeated replications of the same study using different samples of the same size from the same population

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26
Q

2 Assumptions of sampling distributions are?

A

Normally distributed (resemble a normal curve)
The mean, median, and mode of zero. It is a theoretical distribution

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27
Q

What is a standard error in an independent t-test?

A

Standard Error is a measure of the amount of variation in a sampling distribution. It is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.

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28
Q

What does a t-score tell us?

A

T-scores tell us how many standard deviations the difference between sample means is from the mean of the sampling distribution, and in which direction.

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29
Q

What is a confidence interval?

A

Confidence Intervals are a range of estimates within which the population parameter (e.g., mean) is likely to be found.
CI contains the population parameter.

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30
Q

What % do researchers use for the confidence interval?

A

95%

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31
Q

The probability of the CI capturing the population parameter is called the
_________

A

confidence level

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32
Q

The confidence interval makes us sure that 95% of the time an experiment is repeated or replicated, the true mean difference will fall between the ______ and ______

A

Lower and Upper confidence interval

33
Q

Anytime the 95% confidence interval for the difference between 2 groups crosses zero, we will _______ the null hypothesis

A

NOT reject the null (fail to reject the null)

34
Q

Anytime the 95% confidence interval of the difference between 2 groups does NOT cross zero, we will ______ the null hypothesis

A

reject the null

35
Q

For independent t-tests, the effect direction is checked based on the difference in ________regardless of the T-test being significant or not

A

means

36
Q

A one-way ANOVA is used when?

A

There is only 1 IV which has three or more levels and 1 scale DV

37
Q

Which research design is being used in a one-way ANOVA?

A

Between-group

38
Q

What are the assumptions of a one-way ANOVA? 3 of them

A

groups on the IV are unrelated
the dependent variable is normally distributed
Variances of the DV in the groups on the IV should be equal.

39
Q

What does the p-value in an ANOVA tell you?

A

Whether or not there are overall differences between the groups on the IV

40
Q

What does the p-value in an ANOVA not tell you?

A

which groups are different from each other

41
Q

In an ANOVA, How do we find what groups were significant significant vs not?

A

We have to run posy hoc comparison test

42
Q

When are post hocs run?

A

When the ANOVA is significant

43
Q

What are the two types of post hocs?

A

Tukey and Games-Howell

44
Q

When do we use the Tukey Post Hoc?

A

Use Tukey post hoc when the p-value for Levene’s test is not statistically significant (p > 0.05)

45
Q

When do you use Games-Howell?

A

Use Games-Howell when the p-value of Levene’s test is statistically significant (p < 0.05)

46
Q

Tukey’s HSD is used when assumptions of homogeneity of variance is__________

A

met

47
Q

Games-Howell is used when assumptions of homogeneity of variance is__________

A

violated

48
Q

If there is a negative number in the mean difference collum of a post hoc test, it means that the __________

A

first DV is is more then the second

49
Q

mean plot graphs are helpful with?

A

visualizing group differences

50
Q

Mean plot graphs can tell us to accept or reject the null.
True/False

A

False there is no p-value

51
Q

Kruskal-Wallis H is used when the DV is _______, and the IV has _______ levels

A

Ordinal and the IV has three or more levels

52
Q

Chi-Square is used when the DV is _______ and the IV has _______ levels

A

Nominal or Dichotomous and has three or more levels

53
Q

General Linear Model (GLM) is a parametric test for_______ research design?

A

Within-group

54
Q

General Linear Model (GLM) is a parametric test for_______ research design

A

Within-group

55
Q

When is the General Linear Model used?

A

Used when DV is scale and IV has three or more related groups

56
Q

The Friedman (Two-Way) ANOVA Test is a nonparametric test for________research design

A

Within

57
Q

The Friedman (Two-Way) ANOVA Test is a nonparametric test for________research design.

A

Within

58
Q

The Friedman (Two-Way) ANOVA Test is used to compare?

A

The differences between three or more related groups on the IV
And the DV is ordinal

59
Q

COCHRAN Q Test is a non-parametric test for ________ research design

A

within-group

60
Q

COCHRAN Q Test is used when the DV is ______ and the IV has ____ or more levels or groups

A

Nominal and the IV has 3 groups

61
Q

What are the two assumptions of the COCHRAN Q Test?

A

The sample is randomly selected from a population
Responses (or scores) of subjects are categorical or dichotomous

62
Q

When a research design is within group the IV is almost always _____

A

time

63
Q

What is another name for a two-way ANOVA for between-group

A

factor

64
Q

When is a two-way anova used? 3 of them

A

Used when there are 2 IVs and 1 DV
It is a different question
Between-group design

65
Q

When you have a two-way ANOVA, how many hypotheses do you have?

A

3

66
Q

What is the 3 hypothesis in a two-way ANOVA?

A
  1. No main effect of the first IV
  2. No main effect of the second IV
  3. There is no interaction between the two IV’s
67
Q

What is an interaction between variables?

A

When 2 variables cross each other

68
Q

Post Hoc will only work with an Anova if there are more than _____ groups or levels of the IV

A

3

69
Q

Look at the _____ differences to look at the differences between groups in an ANOVA

A

Mean

70
Q

Partial ETA squared is also used for _______ in a two-way ANOVA
There are two of them

A

Effect size
&
Adjusted R square, so it shows the percentage of how much the DV can be explained by the IV

71
Q

When are a one-way repeated measures ANOVA used?

A

When it is within-group design
&
When 1 IV has three or more related groups and 1 DV, which is scale

72
Q

When are Two-way Repeated Measures ANOVA used?

A

Within-group design
&
When 2 IVs have 2 or more related groups and only 1 DV that is scale.

73
Q

When is Two-way ANOVA for Mixed Designs used?

A

When there is a combination of within-group and between-group design

74
Q

The # of ways an ANOVA is is based on the number of _______

A

IVs (Three-way ANOVAs, Four-way ANOVAs, Five-way ANOVAs, etc.)

75
Q

When is a MANOVA (Multiple ANOVA) used?

A

For designs with 2 or more DVs considered simultaneously – the DVs get mathematically combined into 1 DV for analysis purposes. There can be 1 or more IVs as factors.

76
Q

When is an ANCOVA used?

A

Between-group ANOVAs (one-way, two-way, etc.), statistically controlling for confounding variables (covariates)

77
Q

Can 2 IVs have interaction and cross each other and not be significant?

A

Yes, this is due to chance

78
Q

There will be no interaction if the group means_________

A

don’t intersect

79
Q

What is another name for Adjusted R squared

A

Percentage of Error. Tells us how much the DV can be explained by the IV

Stats (8 decks)

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