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Neuro Block 7 > Lecture 1: Cerebrum Overview > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Cerebrum Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of cerebrum

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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2
Q

Parts of telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex and subcortical regions

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3
Q

Parts of diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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4
Q

Parts of CNS

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord and roots

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5
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus lie where?

A

Lateral to the 3rd ventricle

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6
Q

The cerebrum develops from what?

A

Prosencephalon (single vesicle)

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7
Q

As the ______ grows, it surrounds the ______

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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8
Q

Single brain vesicle (prosencephalon) will divide into ______?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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9
Q

What happens to the cortex when the sulci and gyri form?

A

It remains as one continuous sheet

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10
Q

What is considered the “hidden” lobe of the cerebral cortex?

A

Insular lobe

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11
Q

Where is the insular lobe located?

A

Within the lateral fissure

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12
Q

What are the deep subcortical structures of the telencephalon and where are they located?

A

Basal ganglia and claustrum (insular and frontal lobes)

Amygdala (medial temporal lobe)

Hippocampal complex (medial temporal lobe)

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13
Q

What is the primary sensory cortex?

A

Region receiving sensory input

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14
Q

Visual

A

Area 17 - striate cortex, input from lateral geniculate nucelus

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15
Q

Somatosensory

A

Postcentral gyrus, input from VPL/VPM thalamic nuclei

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16
Q

Auditory

A

Transverse gyri in the lateral fissure, input from medial geniculate nucleus

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17
Q

Vestibular

A

Insular/parietal cortex in lateral fissure, input from VPL thalamic nuclei

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18
Q

Taste

A

Insular/parietal cortex in lateral fissure, input from VPM thalamic nuclei

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19
Q

Olfactory

A

Multiple cortical (and subcortical) regions, input from olfactory tract

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20
Q

What is the primary motor cortex?

A

Origin of corticospinal/corticonuclear projections

Mainly pre central gyrus and frontal eye fields for Oculomotor UMNs

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21
Q

Secondary (unimodal) association cortex

A

Input from/to primary cortex, one kind of sensation
Sensory and motor
Motor: plans motor movements, projects to primary motor cortex

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22
Q

Which cortex area processes complex information?

A

Secondary association cortex

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23
Q

Tertiary (hetero/multi-modal) association cortex

A

Input from unimodal association cortex of more than one sensory/motor system
Ex. Wernicke’s area (language): auditory, visual, and sometimes touch (Braille)

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24
Q

Which cortex processes input from more than one sensory/motor system?

A

Tertiary association cortex

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25
Q

Thalamocortical fibers

A

Somatosensory input and cerebrocerebellar system

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26
Q

Corticocortical afferents

A

Input to cortex from other regions

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27
Q

Interneurons

A

Short/local projections within the same cortical region, filter information

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28
Q

Projection fibers

A

Corticospinal, corticobulbar, corticopontine (output from cortex)

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29
Q

Corticocortical efferents

A

Output from cortex

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30
Q

Diffuse neurochemical system input

A

Ach, dopamine, norepi

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31
Q

Cortical histology: name the 6 lamina of the cortex from superficial to deep

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. External granular layer
  3. External pyramid layer
  4. Internal granular layer
  5. Internal pyramid layer
  6. Polymorphic layer
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32
Q

Where is there laminar variability?

A

Across cortical regions

33
Q

What is Brodmann’s map?

A

Separates the brain into functional areas histologically

34
Q

Cerebral hemispheres are connected by what 2 major white matter tracts?

A

Corpus callosum and anterior commissure

35
Q

Parts of corpus callosum

A

Rostrum, genu, body, splenium

36
Q

What does the anterior commissure connect?

A

Temporal lobes and olfactory bulbs

37
Q

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

A

Connects occipital, parietal, and frontal lobes

38
Q

Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus

A

Connects frontal and occipital lobes?

39
Q

Uncinate fasciculus

A

Connects temporal and frontal lobes

40
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

Connects language areas (Wernicke’s and Broca’s)

41
Q

Inferior longitudinal fasciculus

A

Connects occipital and frontal lobes

42
Q

Cingulum bundle

A

Connections throughout cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

43
Q

Short association fibers

A

Connect neighboring gyri (of same hemisphere), aka U fibers, arcuate fibers

44
Q

Motor projections descend through the internal capsule to the ______, onward through the basilar pons, pyramids, LCST

A

Cerebral peduncle (crus cerebri)

45
Q

Regions of supratentorial

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon

46
Q

What do we test for in the supratentorial compartment?

A

Awake and oriented, mental status, CN 1 and 2, olfactory and visual systems, language, cognition, memory, emotional and behavioral regulation, and hypothalamic/pituitary functions

47
Q

Regions of infratentorial compartment

A

Brainstem and cerebellum

48
Q

What do we test for in the infratentorial compartment?

A

CN 3-12, motor coordination and balance

49
Q

Vertebral compartment contains what? And what is tested?

A

Spinal cord, dorsal and ventral roots

Motor and somatosensory exams, reflexes

50
Q

Peripheral level: nerves and autonomics tests for what?

A

Somatic and visceral nerves, reflexes

51
Q

Unique functions of supratentorial

A

Olfactory and visual systems, language, cognition, memory, emotional and behavioral regulation, hypothalamic/pituitary functions

52
Q

Longitudinal functions of supratentorial

A

Awake and oriented, mental status

Brainstem-thalamus-cortex network

53
Q

Cranial nerves UMNs are located where?

A

Supratentorial compartment - cortex

54
Q

Motor systems of supratentorial

A

Strength and coordination

Corticospinal, corticobulbar/corticonuclear, cerebrocerebellar (coordination), and basal ganglia (coordination)

55
Q

Somatosensory systems of supratentorial

A

ALS and DC-ML

56
Q

Course of MCA

A

From circle of willis over insular to lateral cerebral surface

57
Q

What artery supplies the medial and dorsolateral parts of frontal, parietal, and cingulate gyrus?

A

ACA

58
Q

What artery supplies ventral and some lateral surface of temporal and occipital lobes? (and some lateral cortex)

A

PCA

59
Q

Arterial supply of orbitofrontal cortex

A

ACA

60
Q

There are watershed regions where?

A

Borders of middle and anterior arteries

61
Q

Arterial territories contain what

A

Some white matter deep to cerebral cortex

62
Q

What are borderline zones of arterial territories where smaller branches can anastomose called?

A

Watersheds

63
Q

______ border in the anterior end of the temporal lobe has variable location: ___ may cover all of ventral and medial surface, or ___ anterior division may reach this surface

A

PCA-MCA border

PCA

MCA

64
Q

Collateral blood flow

A

One artery can compensate for impaired blood flow in another

65
Q

Watershed infarct

A

When anastomoses collapse during hypotension/hypovolemia

66
Q

Transient episodes of _____ can selectively produce a watershed infarct

A

Hypoxia

67
Q

Anastomoses of the circle of willis are most important when which arteries are compromised?

A

One of the cerebral arteries

68
Q

Tumors typically _____ local function, but can also

A

Suppress, stimulate/irritate

69
Q

Temporal profile of tumors

A

Insidious onset

70
Q

Pathology type of tumors

A

Focal, with localizing signs

71
Q

The amygdala sits mostly rostral to the ______, but also extends caudally and just superior/dorsal to the ______

A

Hippocampus

72
Q

What region is critical for long term memory, helps cortex store memories, regulates emotion and stress responses, and interacts with the hypothalamus?

A

Hippocampus

73
Q

What structure is station adjacent to the 3rd ventricle, superior to the midbrain, and adjacent to several other subcortical structures (parts of basal ganglia or basal nuclei) specifically caudate nucleus and putamen

A

Thalamus

74
Q

Visual nucleus of thalamus

A

LGN - lateral geniculate nucleus

75
Q

Auditory nucleus of thalamus

A

MGN - medial geniculate nucleus

76
Q

Somatosensory nucleus of thalamus

A

VPL and VPM - ventral posterior lateral/medial

77
Q

Taste nucleus of thalamus

A

VPM - ventral posterior medial

78
Q

Motor nuclei of thalamus

A

VA and VL

VL = cerebrocerebellum, both part of feedback loop between cortex and basal ganglia (nuclei)

Neuro Block 7 (8 decks)

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