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Physiology 1 > Lecture 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of the function of living things (how processes occur)

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2
Q

Define tissue

A

Groups of cells with similar specialization

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3
Q

Name the 4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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4
Q

What are the three functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection, secretion, absorption

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5
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Structural support

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6
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Movement

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7
Q

What are three functions of nervous tissue?

A

Communication, coordination, control

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8
Q

Name the body systems.

A 
Nervous
Immune
Reproductive
Circulatory
Respiratory
Muscular
Skeletal
Integumentary
Urinary
Endocrine
Digestive
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9
Q

What two components make up the extracellular fluid?

A 
Plasma (fluid portion of blood)
Interstital fluid (surrounds and bathes the cells)
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10
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

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11
Q

Which body systems contribute to homeostasis?

A

All body systems

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12
Q

Homeostatic control mechianisms may be _____ (local) or ______ (systemic)

A

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

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13
Q

What is an intrinsic control system?

A

A control mechanism that is inherent in an organ

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14
Q

Give an example of an intrinsic control system

A

Exercising skeletal muscle- vasodilation of blood vessels

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15
Q

Give an example of an extrinsic control system

A

Blood pressure: nervous system acts on heart and blood vessels

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16
Q

What is an extrinsic control system?

A

A control system initiated outside an organ to alter its activity

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17
Q

What mediates extrinsic control systems?

A

Nervous and endocrine systems

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18
Q

In negative feedback systems, changes in controlled variables triggers what?

A

A response to oppose that change, in opposite direction of initial change

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19
Q

What is the result of negative feedback systems?

A

Maintain level of a specific variable within a given range/set point

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20
Q

Negative feedback systems can do what?

A

Shut itself off

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21
Q

A sensor detects deviation in a controlled variable and informs an….

A

Integrator

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22
Q

What do integrators do in negative feedback systems?

A

Send instructions to effectors which then bring about compensatory responses

23
Q

Why is positive feedback rare within the body?

A

It opposes homeostasis

24
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Control variable continues to move in the same direction of initial change, away from set point

25
Q

Give an example of positive feedback.

A

Release of oxytocin during end stages of pregnancy

26
Q

During parturition, what happens when the fetus changes position?

A

Pressure on the cervix causes stimulation of stretch-sensitive cells

27
Q

What happens when stretch-sensitive cells in the cervix are stimulated?

A

They send nerve impulses to the brain which releases oxytocin

28
Q

What does oxytocin cause?

A

Uterus contraction, increasing pressure on cervix

29
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can neither be created or destroyed

30
Q

What are two types of energy output?

A

External work and internal work

31
Q

What is external work?

A

Energy expended by skeletal muscles to move external objects

32
Q

What is internal work?

A

Other forms of biological energy expenditure such as skeletal muscle activity and energy expending activities required to sustain life

33
Q

What uses the most ATP in the body?

A

The heart

34
Q

How much ATP does the heart use a day?

A

6KG, 20-30x its own weight

35
Q

How many times does the heart beat per day?

A

100,000 beats

36
Q

How many tons of blood does the heart pump per day?

A

10 tons

37
Q

What is metabolic substrate utilization?

A

Fuel from food

38
Q

Define metabolic rate.

A

Rate at which energy expended by the body per unit of time

39
Q

How does most of the body’s energy expenditure appear?

A

As heart

40
Q

How is metabolic rate expressed?

A

Rate of heart production per hour (Kcal/hr)

41
Q

What factors influence metabolic rate?

A

Muscular activity, food intake, shivering, anxiety, fasting/malnutrition, fever, hormones

42
Q

What hormones influence metabolic rate?

A

Catecholamines, growth hormone, thyroid hormone

43
Q

Define basal metabolic rate (BMR).

A

Index of metabolism under standardised conditions, minimal waking rate of internal energy expenditure

44
Q

What are the standardised basal conditions?

A

Awake, relaxed and rested (>30 mins), supine, warm (20-25 degrees), fasting (8-12 hr)

45
Q

What is the average BMR?

A

20-25 kcal/kg body weight/day

46
Q

How is BMR measured?

A

Direct or indirect calorimetry

47
Q

What is indirect calorimetry?

A

Practical, less constly, O2 uptake per unit of time is measured

48
Q

Why is O2 uptake measured to measure BMR?

A

Direct relationship between O2 consumed and heat produced

Food+O2–> CO2 + H2O + energy (mostly heat)

49
Q

How does age effect BMR?

A

Higher BMR in children, age decreases BMR

50
Q

How does gender effect BMR?

A

BMR lower in females

51
Q

How does body weight effect BMR?

A

Higher BMR in obesity

52
Q

How does sleep effect BMR?

A

Can decrease BMR by 10-15%

53
Q

What other factors influence BMR?

A

Genetic determinants, lean body mass, body surface area. environmental temp, hormones

Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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