Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many cell types does the body contain?

A

200 different cel types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 major sub divisions of the cell ?

A

Plasma membrane
Nucleus
cytosol/plasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Plasma membrane function

A

Acts as a barrier

separates intracellular and extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Plasma membrane structure

A

Lipid bilayer
Hydrophilic (polar) heads and lipophilic (nonpolar) tails

Many proteins that run completely/ partially through the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest single cellular component and contains the genetic material of the cell DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Surrounds the nucleus
= lipid bilayer

Contains any nuclear pores that allow for proteins, DNA & RNA to move between the cytosol and the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cytosol

A

Complex gel like liquid surrounding the organelles

Occupies 55% of the total cell volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains the membrane bound organs in the cytosol

Ie. Cytosol + organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

6 main types of organelles

A 
Nucleus 
ER
Golgi 
Lysosomes 
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria 
Vaults*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ER

A

Membrane system that is distributed throughout the cytoplasm

  • mainly involved in protein and lipid synthesis

2 types : rough and smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rough ER

A

Outer surface has lots of ribosomes
- ie. Ribosomal RNA protein complexes involved in the synthesis of protein

  • interact with mRNA

There are also free ribosomes in the cytosol

All proteins made here have a sorting signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to proteins made in the ER?

A

After the ribosomes make the synthesized protein it is released into the ER lumen where it undoes folding and modifications

Then the folded protein is transported through the ER to the golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes
Ie. Not involved in protein synthesis

Serves primarily as a final packaging and discharge site for molecules transported to the golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Golgi

A

Stack of flattened, membrane- bound sacs called cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Functions of golgi

A

Processing the raw molecules from the ER into finished products [ie. Accessorizing -adding groups]

Sorting and directing these molecules to their final destination [organelles or plasma membrane] - note that different parts of the golgi have parts specific to the location that the product is going. Ie. The plasma membrane products located differently from nucleus products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Steps of protein transportation

A
  1. Synthesis in the rough ER
  2. Packaging and budding in the Smooth ER
  3. Fusion with the golgi complex
  4. Processing and sorting in golgi
  5. Budding from golgi and transport to plasma membrane
  6. Fusion with plasma membrane with exocytosis or membrane insertion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Exocytosis

A

The secretory vesicle blinds and fuses with the membrane, which then leads it to release the material outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What proteins are involved in exocytosis?

A

NOTE: all proteins from the RER have a sorting signal - where in the golgi do i go to?

It involves the interaction of many proteins in the budding from the golgi complex such as [these are facing the cytosol):
Coat protein
Docking marker (v-snare)
Recognition marker

Then the fusion to the plasma membrane/ organelle involves :
Docking acceptor protein (t-snare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound organelles that sever as the intercellular digestive system
- contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down the organic compounds ingested by the cell via a process called endocytosis

  • so the nutrients can be used to make other things inside the cell
  • can also degrade something bad
  • also get rid of old organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Endocytosis types

A
  1. Pinocytosis
  2. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
  3. Phagocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pinocytosis

A

This is cell drinking

Non-selective uptake

22
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Highly selective uptake

Triggered by a ligands binding to its receptor

23
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Internalization of large, multi molecular particles like bacteria or red blood cells

24
Q

peroxisomes

A

Membrane bound organelles that contain oxidative enzymes and most of the cell”s catalase

25
Q

Oxidation

A

Involved in the detoxification of various wastes produced in the cell and foreign toxins ingested by the cell

  • oxidation causes the production of peroxide which is toxic to the cell
26
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power plants of the cell as they supply the cell with 90% of its energy in the form of ATP

Double membrane

27
Q

Membranes of mitochondria

A

Outer membrane: surrounds the organelle

Inner membrane: forms a series of infoldings called cristae

28
Q

What does the mitochondria specifically do?

A
  1. It uses pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis
  2. This is then taken up by the mitochondria and is converted to ATP via enzyme reactions in the matrix
  3. Excess hydrogen in the form of NADH is also produced
    [NOTE: steps 2 and 3 called TCA]
  4. Electron transport chain converts excess H+ into ATP via the movement of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane
29
Q

Glycolysis location

A

Enzymes are located in the cytosol

30
Q

Glycolysis function

A

Breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid

31
Q

What occurs in the cytosol?

A
  1. Metabolic processes like glycolysis
  2. Ribosomal protein synthesis
  3. Storage of fat, carbs {glycogen}, and secretory vesicles
32
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Intracellular scaffolding to give cell shape and structure

  • also intracellular highway for trafficking vesicles to and from the plasma membrane
33
Q

What makes up cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microfilaments [actin]
  2. Microtubules [tubulin]
  3. Intermediate filaments
34
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a stable environment

Essential for the survival of each cell and every cell contributes to the maintenance of the internal environment shared by the cells

35
Q

Vaults

A

Classified as organelles

Don’t know exact functions yet

36
Q

Specialized cell

A

Can have a larger smooth ER

Ex. Liver, Skeletal, steroid hormone secreting cells

37
Q

Smooth ER in skeletal muscle

A

Called sarcoplasmic- reticulum

function is to store lots of calcium

38
Q

Smooth ER in endocrine cells

A

Stores a lot of cholesterol

39
Q

Smooth ER in liver

A

Detoxifying enzymes

40
Q

Coat protein

A

cytosolic proteins

Bind the coat protein acceptor signals on the outside of the golgi membrane

When they bind, start to impart curvature to the outside of the golgi membrane and keep pulling until they get a full vesicle

General term for them is COP

41
Q

Docking marker protein

A

How we get to the plasma membrane , outside of the secretory vesicles done budding

The specific docking marker is called the v-SNARE

V = Vesicle

Vesicle will go to target [in image = plasma membrane] - coat falls off after it makes vesicle

  • green in image
42
Q

T- snare

A

V snare’s target is t-snare
They bind together

Reactions occur, which allows ca to enter vesicle. Ca then triggers fusion of the 2 membranes

43
Q

Catalase

A

2 H2o2 -> 2 H20 + O2

Breaks down peroxide

44
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glycogen -> stored glucose

Glucose -> pyurvic acid - 2 ATP

45
Q

Pyruvate

A

Kreb cycle - 2ATP

FADH and NADH - fuel oxphos

46
Q

OXphos

A

28 - 32 ATP from single glucose

47
Q

Total ATP generated from oxphos

A

32- 36

48
Q

Actin

A

2 strands helically wrap around eachother

49
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tube
Highway for vesicles - ie. In neuron
Kinesin - moves and carry vesicle out
Dynein - to move in

50
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Not made of a single protein

Middle in size

51
Q

Kinesin

A

Uses ATP

Exocytosis

52
Q

Dynein

A

Endocytosis
Has to go to cell body
Cleave ATP

Physiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions