Intro to Pathology

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

Study of suffering

- structural and functional things that go wrong and cause disease

Question 2

4 aspects of disease

Answer 2

1. Etiology
2. Pathogenesis
3. Morphological change
4. Clinical significance

Question 3

Etiology

Answer 3

Cause of the disease ; origin

Question 4

Pathogenesis

Answer 4

The mechanism of development and progression of disease

Question 5

Morphologic Change

Answer 5

Structural alterations induced first in the cells and then the organs
- have to see lots of death/sick cells before we see changes in organ

Question 6

Clinical significance

Answer 6

Functional consequences of the morphologic changes

• what are the symptoms
• how are they affecting the patient

Question 7

Idiopathic

Answer 7

We don’t know the cause of the disease

Question 8

Cell injury

Answer 8

All disease starts out by this
Caused by injuries stimulus

When toxin is not removed can go to cell injury and go past adaptation

Cell injury can be reversible [when stressor is removed]

If persists [ then injury is irreversible -> cell dies]

Question 9

Adaptation

Answer 9

All cells are put through some sort of stress
Ie. By eating things we shouldn’t, drink things we shouldn’t, medications etc.

So they adapt to that stress and when that toxin is removed go back to homeostatic normal cell

Question 10

Apoptosis

Answer 10

= cell- suicide

Pre-programmed cell death

Occurs in some cells if they encounter a particular stimulus]

• can be triggered via intrinsic or extrinsic pathway [activate caspases]

Question 11

Also a time frame in which injury goes through different phases

Answer 11

Ex. Heart - cardiac ischemia
[limited blood flow to heart - not getting enough oxygen
Cell function declines as they become more na more injured

• at some point reach point of no return
  Reversible -> irreversible injury that cell will die.
• as injury increases , more and more cell death
• as more and more cell dies- see ultra structural changes in heart [ cant see with naked eye, but with microscope]
• then can see at light microscopic level
• as we get to enough cells dying, then can see gross morphologic changes

Question 12

Gross morphologic changes

Answer 12

Those that you can see with your naked eye

Question 13

Hypoxia

Answer 13

Oxygen deprivation

Question 14

4 cell symptoms that are vulnerable to injurious stimuli

Answer 14

Cell membrane : if breached, torn - then thrown off ionic balance [between intracellular and extracellular] -{mitochondria, lysosomes]
- cytoskeletal Damage can lead to this

Atp generation via mitochondrial aerobic respiration

Protein synthesis

Integrity of genetic machinery

Question 15

Loss of calcium

Answer 15

Tight regular Intracellular vs, extracellular balance
- messes with cell membrane integrity

Muscle contraction is altered

Question 16

ATP depletion and ATP synthesis

Answer 16

Associated with ischemia , hypoxia, and chemical injury [chemicals toxic to mitochondria]

Ie. Lack of oxygen delivery

Question 17

Ischemia

Answer 17

Low blood leading to hypoxia

Question 18

Mitochondria dysfunction

Answer 18

Can lead to necrosis
- increased cytoplasmic ca

• oxidative stress [low o2]
• decreased survival singles

Damage can be reversible in the early stages, but irreversible damage results in cell death via apoptosis and necrosis

Question 19

What can cause low atp levels

Answer 19

Mitochondria[leads to cell death] , plasma membrane [ leads to loss of cellular components]and lysosomal damage [enzymatic digestion of cellular components]

NOTE cytoskeletal damage can also lead to membrane damage

All eventually lead to necrosis

Question 20

Dna damage

Answer 20

Accumulation of misfolded proteins

• cell can trigger apoptosis

Question 21

Hypoxia

Answer 21

Low oxygen

Question 22

Physiologic adaptations

Answer 22

Cellular responses to normal stimulation by hormones, other endogenous chemicals, physical stresses or increased use

Question 23

Pathological adaptations

Answer 23

Occur in order to escape injury

- also can occur as a result of hormones, stresses, etc. to prevent injury

Question 24

Pathological and physiological response both involve

Answer 24

1. Up or down regulation of specific cell receptors
2. Induction of new protein synthesis by the target cell
3. A switch from producing one specific Protein to a different one

Question 25

Cellular adaptation to injury

Answer 25

Normal cells can adapt to increased stresses, suffer reversible injury, or under persistent insult they can be irreversibly damaged and die

Question 26

Atrophy

Answer 26

Decrease in cell size

• when a lot of cells are involved the whole tissue/ organ goes down in size
• even though cells are smaller, they are not dead

Question 27

Hypertrophy

Answer 27

Increase in cell size
-in pure hypertrophy, there re no new cells , but just bigger cells caused by an increase in the synthesis of structural proteins and organelles [skeletal muscle]

Question 28

Hyperplasia

Answer 28

Increase in cell number

Question 29

Metaplasia

Answer 29

Change in cell type

Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
- this occurs. With epithelial or mesenchymal cells

Question 30

Causes of atrophy

Answer 30

Decreased workload
Loss of innervation
diminished blood supply
Inadequate nutrition

Question 31

Enlargement of uterus during pregnancy

Answer 31

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur at the same time

Question 32

Necrosis

Answer 32

Cell homicide

- results from an insult

Question 33

Necrosis features

Answer 33

Swelling (enlarged cell size)
Pyknosis _> karyorrhexis __> karyolysis [nucleus]

Disrupted plasma membrane

Enzymatic digestion, cellular components may leak out of the cell

Frequent adjacent inflammation

Invariably pathological {irreversible cell injury}

Question 34

Apoptosis features

Answer 34

Reduced cell size

Nucleus fragments into nucleosome size fragments

Plasma membrane is intact

Cellular components are interact, but may be released in apoptotic bodies

No adjacent inflammation

Often physiological - meaning removing unwanted cells only. Can be pathologic after some forms of cell injury, especially DNA damage

Question 35

Inflammation

Answer 35

Protective response intended to elimate the initial cause of injury as well as necrotic cells and tissues associated with injury

Associated with the repair process that replaces the damaged tissue

It is beneficial and a necessary response to injury, but it can also be harmful