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Physiology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

Resistance to infectious agents

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2
Q

Immune system

A

The collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infection

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3
Q

Immune response

A

The coordinated reaction of these cells and molecules to an infectious agent {antigen}

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4
Q

Antigen

A

Infectious agent

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5
Q

Immune response

A

Coordinated response of immune cells

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6
Q

Functions of immune system

A
  • Defense against infections
  • Recognizing and responding to tissue grants and newly introduced proteins
  • Defense against tumors
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7
Q

Low immunity

A

More susceptible to infections

Shown by aids

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8
Q

Aids

A

Acquired immune deficiency system

- knocks out immune system

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9
Q

Vaccinations

A

Immune system primers and activators, made of non- infectious part of an organism

Effective because they stimulate an immune response to microbes and prone the immune system for a potential infection by that microbe

Have eradication’s some infectious diseases

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10
Q

Protective immunity

A

Made by 2 parts of the immune system
1. Innate immunity

  1. Adaptive immunity
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11
Q

Innate immunity

A

Mediates the initial protection against infectious agents

INATE - always there; born with it

Is there 1-12 hours from start of infection

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12
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Develops more slowly and mediates the long term, more effective defense against infectious agents

Once is functional, much more long lasting, selective, and stronger

Takes days to start

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13
Q

Innate immune system parts

A 
Order of starting goes down: 
Epithelial barriers 
Phagocytic cells 
NK cells 
Proteins in complement pathway
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14
Q

Epithelial barriers

A

Skin or Any other epithelia

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15
Q

Adaptive immunity parts

A

B and T lymphocytes and products - antibodies (made by B cells)

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16
Q

Adaptive immunity types

A

Humoral

Cell mediated

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17
Q

Humoral

A

Provides defense against extracellular microbes or foreign particles

Things outside cells,
Done by B cells - they make. Antibodies to target these

18
Q

Cell - mediated

A

Defense against intracellular microbes
Something that affects the cells ( either intracellular microbes or phagocytized microbes - bacteria)
T cells

19
Q

T cells

A

Kill the affected cells so it cant spread infection

20
Q

Helper T cells

A

Active other cells, like macrophages and B cells so that they do their jobs

21
Q

Cytolytic t tell

A

Binds of affected cell so you can kill it

22
Q

Properties of the adaptive immune system

A

It is specific - specific antigens elicit a specific response
Diverse - enable immune system to respond to a wide variety of antigens
Memory - leaves to enhanced response to repeated exposures to the same antigen

23
Q

Memory

A

Demonstrated by the production of a second reponse. To antigen c by

24
Q

Primary immune response

A 
Takes a little while to occur 
Activate anti-X B cells 
Make ab 
And you fight it off
Left with memory B cells that do not have to go through activation process from beginning ; so next time faster and stronger response
25
Q

Specificity and diversity of adaptive immune response

A 
Memory cells - for only influenza
Second time Influenza and diphtheria 
Strong response to influenza 
Primary to diphtheria 
Responding against 2 different agents at same time
26
Q

Clonal selection

A

Each lymphocyte can recognize one specific antigen

May never encounter antigen - go apoptosis and die

If encounters it - makes hundreds of thousands of more cells to fight it - ie. Multiply

27
Q

Phases of adaptive immune response

A
  • Recognition : recognizes antigen
  • Activation : clonal selection (peaks day 7)
  • Effector : action is happening [ humoral and cell mediated]
  • Decline/ contraction : after fought antigen off , then cells undergo apoptosis , decline in number of cells

Day 14 contraction starts - homeostasis
- Memory : surviving antigen - specific cells

28
Q

Effector cells

A

Activated cells of adaptive immunity

29
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B cells : humoral
T cells : cell- mediated
NK. Cells : innate immunity

30
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

These cells can recognize antigen directly , T cells and B cells cannot

Phagocyte cells and then present it - T and B cels need these

Dendritic cells : initiate T cells

Macrophages: initiation and effector phase of cell mediated

Follicular dendritic cells : display antigens to B cells

31
Q

Effector cells types

A

T cells
Macrophages
Granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils , B cells

Active immune cells, actively carrying out function of immune cells

32
Q

B cells

A

Make ab

Ab neutralize the antigen

33
Q

Regulatory T cell

A

Stop potential auto immune reactions

Prevent to harm own normal tissues

34
Q

NK

A

Kill infected cells like cytotoxic T cells

35
Q

Maturation of lymphocytes

A

All immune cells start from stem cells in bone marrow

Then primary generative lymphoid organs where the B cells and T cells mature

B cells stay in bone marrow

T cells go to thymus

Then go out of organ, mature, but still naive.
Naive until encounter and antigen - note from primary go to secondary peripheral lymphoid organs [ lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa/ cutaneous lymphoid tissues]

NOTE: can travel in lymph or blood

—— wher lymphocytes will encounter antigen on their first try; do not float around waiting for antigen

Once activated no longer naive

Now leave secondary organ and seek out target

36
Q

Spleen

A

2 regions

  • one hold B cells [follicle] - on far ends in groups
  • one hold T cells [PALS - periarteriolar lymphoid sheath] - sorround blood branch in middle
37
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Senate areas of B cells and T cells

  • B cells : follicle [ periphery ]
  • t cells : paracortex [region around the cortex]

NOTE: single antigen can activate both T and B cells

38
Q

Other lymphoid organs

A 
Tonsils
Adenoids 
Appendix
Bone marrow 
Gut associated lymphoid tissue
39
Q

Specialization

A

Generates responses that are optimal for dense against different types of microbes

40
Q

Bone marrow

A

Origin of all blood cells

Maturation of B cells

41
Q

Thymus

A

Secrete thymosin

Maturation of T cells

42
Q

Spleen

A

Exchanges lymphocytes with blood

Resident lymphocytes make abs and activated T cells

Resident macrophages - remove microbes, debri, old RBCs from blood

Stores small amount of rbcs, that can be added to blood by splenic contraction

Physiology (4 decks)

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