Lecture 1 (8/22)

Question 1

How are bones classified?

Answer 1

Location: axial (skull, ribs, vertebrae from tip of nose to tail), appendicular (limbs: thoracic and pelvic), heterotopic (os penis, os rostrum, os cordis (occurs in unusual places)
Shape: Long, flat, irregular, sesamoid, pneumatic, short

Question 2

How are long bones classified?

Answer 2

found only in the limbs; act as levers for locomotion; they are longer than they are wide; appendicular

Question 3

How are flat bones classified?

Answer 3

reduced in 1:3 dimensions; site of hematopoiesis (the production of blood cells and platelets); scapula, ribs, skull

Question 4

How are irregular bones classified?

Answer 4

irregular in shape; verterbrae, pelvis, skull

Question 5

How are sesamoid bones classified?

Answer 5

seed shaped; found imbedded within tendons; located near joints or bony prominences

Question 6

How are pneumatic bones classified?

Answer 6

air-filled; found in birds and skulls of large animals

Question 7

How are short bones classified?

Answer 7

found in limbs; cuboidal; complex movements; carpal and tarsal bones; as tall as they are wide; used for fine movement; usually don’t have muscles attached to them

Question 8

What two categories are ossification centers separated into?

Answer 8

Primary: appear before birth; bone replaces it; long bones have 1 primary center in the diaphysis and at least 2 secondary centers in each epiphysis
Secondary: appear after birth; short bones have a single primary center that appears after birth and no secondary centers

Question 9

Function of the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 9

cartilage not replaced by bone; spread epiphysis from diaphysis

Question 10

What are the four regions of the thoracic limb?

Answer 10

shoulder (scapula), brachium (humerus), antebrachium (radius, ulna), manus (carpal, metacarpal, phalanges, proximal sesamoids)

Question 11

What are the three regions of the manus?

Answer 11

carpus: short bones; metacarpus: palm of hand; digits: fingers

Question 12

The proximal row of the carpus consists of what bones (medial to lateral)?

Answer 12

radial, intermediate, ulnar, and accessory

Question 13

The distal row of the carpus consists of what bones (medial to lateral)?

Answer 13

1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

Question 14

How many carpal bones are in the carpus?

Answer 14

7

Question 15

How many metacarpal bones does the canine have?

Answer 15

5 (including the dew claw)

Question 16

Which carpal bone articulates with 2 joints of the metacarpal IV and V bones?

Answer 16

Carpal IV

Question 17

Where are the phalanges located?

Answer 17

in the digits

Question 18

What is the singular form of phalanges?

Answer 18

phalanx

Question 19

Which digits are weight-bearing in the dog?

Answer 19

II-V

Question 20

What two sesamoid bones are seen in the distal forelimb?

Answer 20

proximal and bone of abductor pollicus longus m. It is a smooth seed shape medial to carpal bones